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Packet loss in socket programming java

I am trying to send a file from client to server. Below is the code i have tried. But at times, there is a packet loss during the transfer. I am not sure where i am wrong.
SERVER SIDE CODE:
public static void ReadAndWrite(byte[] aByte, Socket clientSocket,
InputStream inputStream, String fileOutput)
throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
int bytesRead;
FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = null;
BufferedOutputStream bufferedOutputStream = null;
ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
try
{
fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream( fileOutput );
bufferedOutputStream = new BufferedOutputStream(fileOutputStream);
bytesRead = inputStream.read(aByte, 0, aByte.length);
System.out.println("The length is "+bytesRead);
int count = 0;
do {
count++;
byteArrayOutputStream.write(aByte);
bytesRead = inputStream.read(aByte);
} while (bytesRead != -1);
System.out.println("The count is "+count);
System.out.println("The length is "+byteArrayOutputStream.size());
bufferedOutputStream.write(byteArrayOutputStream.toByteArray());
bufferedOutputStream.flush();
bufferedOutputStream.close();
clientSocket.close();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
Logger.writeLog(ex,Listen.class.getName(), LogType.EXCEPTION);
throw ex;
}
CLIENT SIDE CODE:
public void readByteArrayAndWriteToClientSocket(
Socket connectionSocket, BufferedOutputStream outToClient, String fileToSend ) throws Exception
{
try{
if (outToClient != null)
{
File myFile = new File(fileToSend);
System.out.println(myFile.length());
byte[] byteArray = new byte[(int) myFile.length()];
FileInputStream fileInputStream = null;
try {
fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(myFile);
} catch (IOException ex) {
Logger.writeLog(ex, FileUtility.class.getName(), LogType.EXCEPTION);
throw ex;
}
BufferedInputStream bufferedInputStream = new BufferedInputStream(fileInputStream);
try {
bufferedInputStream.read(byteArray, 0, byteArray.length);
outToClient.write(byteArray, 0, byteArray.length);
outToClient.flush();
outToClient.close();
connectionSocket.close();
return;
} catch (IOException ex) {
Logger.writeLog(ex, FileUtility.class.getName(), LogType.EXCEPTION);
throw ex;
}
}
}catch (Exception e) {
Logger.writeLog(e, getClass().getName(), LogType.EXCEPTION);
throw e;
}
}

There is no 'packet loss', just bugs in your code.
The canonical way to copy a stream in Java is as follows:
while ((count = in.read(buffer)) > 0)
{
out.write(buffer, 0, count);
}
If you know the number of bytes in advance and the sender must keep the connection open after the transfer, it becomes:
while (total < expected && (count = in.read(buffer, 0, expected-total > buffer.length ? buffer.length : (int)(expected-total))) > 0)
{
out.write(buffer, 0, count);
total += count;
}
Forget all the ByteArrayInput/OutputStreams and the extra copies. Just read from the file and send to the socket, or read from the socket and write to the file.

The sockets read method will return when its has obtained all the bytes you asked for, OR, when it stops receiving data from the network.
As transmission is often interrupted in any real network you need to keep issuing read calls until you have the number of bytes you want.
You need code something like this:
char [] buffer = new char[1024];
int expect = 1000;
int sofar = 0;
int chars_read;
try
{
while((chars_read = from_server.read(buffer[sofar])) != -1)
{
sofar = sofar + chars_read;
if (sofar >= expected) break;
}
}
catch(IOException e)
{
to_user.println(e);
}

Socket closed issues

I have a server and client connection using sockets to transfer files, but if I want to be able to send strings to the server from the client upon user JButton actions, it throws socket closed errors (Because I used dos.close() in the Sender() constructor). The problem is, if I don't use dos.close(), the client program won't run/init the UI frame. What am I doing wrong? I need to be able to send files when the program first runs then send data later.
Sender:
public Sender(Socket socket) {
List<File> files = new ArrayList<File>();
files.add(new File(Directory.getDataPath("default.docx")));
files.add(new File(Directory.getDataPath("database.db")));
try {
BufferedOutputStream bos = new BufferedOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(bos);
dos.writeInt(files.size());
for (File file : files) {
dos.writeLong(file.length());
dos.writeUTF(file.getName());
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(fis);
int theByte = 0;
while ((theByte = bis.read()) != -1) {
bos.write(theByte);
}
bis.close();
}
dos.close(); // If this is disabled, the program won't work.
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
Downloader:
public static byte[] document;
public Downloader(Socket socket) {
try {
BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(bis);
int filesCount = dis.readInt();
for (int i = 0; i < filesCount; i++) {
long size = dis.readLong();
String fileName = dis.readUTF();
if (fileName.equals("database.db")) {
List<String> data = new ArrayList<String>();
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(bis));
String line;
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
if (line.trim().length() > 0) {
data.add(line);
}
}
reader.close();
parse(data);
} else if (fileName.equals("default.docx")) {
ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
for (int x = 0; x < size; x++) {
bos.write(bis.read());
}
bos.close();
document = bos.toByteArray();
}
}
//dis.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

Your first receive loop in the client terminates at EOS, which only happens when you close the socket in the sender, which you don't want to do. You're sending the length ahead of the file in each case so the receiving code should look like this in both cases:
long total = 0;
while ((total < size && (count = in.read(buffer, 0, size-total > buffer.length ? buffer.length : (int)(size-total))) > 0)
{
total += count;
out.write(buffer, 0, count);
}
out.close();
That loop reads exactly size bytes from the socket input stream and writes it to the OutputStream out, whatever out happens to be: in the first case, a FileOutputStream, in the second, a ByteArrayOutputStream.

File Sharing Code works on localhost, fails on Network

My project consists of an application using which users can send files among themselves.
Hence as a basic unit, I developed a FileServer and a FileClient Program.
This code works perfectly fine on localhost but fails on the Network (wifi).
An estimated problem is that the client socket is getting closed or isn't responding after a certain point of time while recieving. But i cant really figure out what the problem is or how to approach the problem.
The error appears is a SocketException: Software caused connection abort. Socket write error.
FileServer CODE:
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class FileServerPC {
static String remoteIPaddress = "192.168.43.95";
static String filename;
String path;
static File selectedfile = null;
static ServerSocket servsock = null;
static Socket sock = null;
static FileInputStream fis;
static BufferedInputStream bis;
static DatagramSocket theSocket = null;
static DatagramPacket theOutput;
static OutputStream os;
byte[] mybytearray;
static double nosofpackets;
static int packetsize = 1024;
public FileServerPC() {
try {
servsock = new ServerSocket(1500);
theSocket = new DatagramSocket(9999);
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
FileServerPC fs = new FileServerPC();
selectedfile = new File("C:\\flower.jpg");
filename = selectedfile.getName();
Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
#Override
public void run() {
try {
System.out.println("Waiting...");
sock = servsock.accept();
System.out.println("Accepted connection : " + sock);
fis = new FileInputStream(selectedfile);
System.out.println((int) selectedfile.length());
long length = selectedfile.length();
System.out.println("LENGTH: " + length);
nosofpackets = Math
.ceil(((int) selectedfile.length()) / packetsize);
// progressBar.setValue(50);
bis = new BufferedInputStream(fis);
String message = length + "`~`" + filename;
byte[] data = message.getBytes();
theOutput = new DatagramPacket(data, data.length,
InetAddress.getByName(remoteIPaddress),8888);
theSocket.send(theOutput);
byte[] newbytearray = new byte[packetsize];
int dur = (int) (selectedfile.length());
int dur1 = dur / 100;
int counter = 0;
System.out.println("duration: " + dur + "nosofpackets: "
+ nosofpackets + "dur1: " + dur1);
int val = 0;
for (int i = 0; i <= nosofpackets ; i++) {
os = sock.getOutputStream();
bis.read(newbytearray, 0, newbytearray.length);
os.write(newbytearray, 0, newbytearray.length);
counter = counter + newbytearray.length;
val = counter / dur1;
System.out.println(val);
os.flush();
}
System.out.println(val);
os.flush();
os.close();
sock.close();
theSocket.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
};
new Thread(runnable).start();
}
}
FileClient CODE:
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class FileClientPC
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
String remoteip="192.168.43.237";
Socket sock = new Socket(remoteip, 1500);
System.out.println("Connecting...");
InputStream is = sock.getInputStream();
DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket(8888);
byte[] buffer = new byte[65507];
DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length);
try {
ds.receive(dp);
} catch (IOException e) {
System.err.println("chat error2 " + e);
}
String s = new String(dp.getData(), 0, dp.getLength());
String temp[]=s.split("`~`");
String size = temp[0];
String name = temp[1];
System.out.println(size +" "+ name);
long sizeint = Integer.parseInt(size);
System.out.println("Filename: " + name);
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("D:\\"+name);
BufferedOutputStream bos = new BufferedOutputStream(fos);
int packetsize = 1024;
double nosofpackets = Math.ceil(sizeint / packetsize);
System.out.println("No of packets: "+Double.toString(nosofpackets));
byte newbytearray[];
for (int i = 0; i <= nosofpackets; i++) {
is = sock.getInputStream();
newbytearray = new byte[packetsize];
int bytesRead = is.read(newbytearray, 0, newbytearray.length);
System.out.println("Packet:" + (i + 1));
bos.write(newbytearray, 0, newbytearray.length);
}
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
bos.close();
sock.close();
ds.close();
}
}

You need to specify which interface you want to listen to. The default is the local interface. (probably OS dependent). The API for ServerSocket explains how this works (the constructor and bind() functions for instance).

Java sending and receiving file (byte[]) over sockets

I am trying to develop a very simple client / server where the client converts a file to bytes, sends it to the server, and then converts the bytes back in to a file.
Currently the program just creates an empty file. I'm not a fantastic Java developer so any help much appreciated.
This is the server part that receives what the client sends.
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(4444);
Socket socket = null;
socket = serverSocket.accept();
DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream()));
DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(socket.getInputStream()));
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
in.read(bytes);
System.out.println(bytes);
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("C:\\test2.xml");
fos.write(bytes);
And here is the client part
Socket socket = null;
DataOutputStream out = null;
DataInputStream in = null;
String host = "127.0.0.1";
socket = new Socket(host, 4444);
out = new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream()));
in = new DataInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(socket.getInputStream()));
File file = new File("C:\\test.xml");
//InputStream is = new FileInputStream(file);
// Get the size of the file
long length = file.length();
if (length > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
System.out.println("File is too large.");
}
byte[] bytes = new byte[(int) length];
//out.write(bytes);
System.out.println(bytes);
out.close();
in.close();
socket.close();

The correct way to copy a stream in Java is as follows:
int count;
byte[] buffer = new byte[8192]; // or 4096, or more
while ((count = in.read(buffer)) > 0)
{
out.write(buffer, 0, count);
}
Wish I had a dollar for every time I've posted that in a forum.

Thanks for the help. I've managed to get it working now so thought I would post so that the others can use to help them.
Server:
public class Server {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
try {
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(4444);
} catch (IOException ex) {
System.out.println("Can't setup server on this port number. ");
}
Socket socket = null;
InputStream in = null;
OutputStream out = null;
try {
socket = serverSocket.accept();
} catch (IOException ex) {
System.out.println("Can't accept client connection. ");
}
try {
in = socket.getInputStream();
} catch (IOException ex) {
System.out.println("Can't get socket input stream. ");
}
try {
out = new FileOutputStream("M:\\test2.xml");
} catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
System.out.println("File not found. ");
}
byte[] bytes = new byte[16*1024];
int count;
while ((count = in.read(bytes)) > 0) {
out.write(bytes, 0, count);
}
out.close();
in.close();
socket.close();
serverSocket.close();
}
}
and the Client:
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
Socket socket = null;
String host = "127.0.0.1";
socket = new Socket(host, 4444);
File file = new File("M:\\test.xml");
// Get the size of the file
long length = file.length();
byte[] bytes = new byte[16 * 1024];
InputStream in = new FileInputStream(file);
OutputStream out = socket.getOutputStream();
int count;
while ((count = in.read(bytes)) > 0) {
out.write(bytes, 0, count);
}
out.close();
in.close();
socket.close();
}
}

Here is the server
Open a stream to the file and send it overnetwork
import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
public class SimpleFileServer {
public final static int SOCKET_PORT = 5501;
public final static String FILE_TO_SEND = "file.txt";
public static void main (String [] args ) throws IOException {
FileInputStream fis = null;
BufferedInputStream bis = null;
OutputStream os = null;
ServerSocket servsock = null;
Socket sock = null;
try {
servsock = new ServerSocket(SOCKET_PORT);
while (true) {
System.out.println("Waiting...");
try {
sock = servsock.accept();
System.out.println("Accepted connection : " + sock);
// send file
File myFile = new File (FILE_TO_SEND);
byte [] mybytearray = new byte [(int)myFile.length()];
fis = new FileInputStream(myFile);
bis = new BufferedInputStream(fis);
bis.read(mybytearray,0,mybytearray.length);
os = sock.getOutputStream();
System.out.println("Sending " + FILE_TO_SEND + "(" + mybytearray.length + " bytes)");
os.write(mybytearray,0,mybytearray.length);
os.flush();
System.out.println("Done.");
} catch (IOException ex) {
System.out.println(ex.getMessage()+": An Inbound Connection Was Not Resolved");
}
}finally {
if (bis != null) bis.close();
if (os != null) os.close();
if (sock!=null) sock.close();
}
}
}
finally {
if (servsock != null)
servsock.close();
}
}
}
Here is the client
Recive the file being sent overnetwork
import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.Socket;
public class SimpleFileClient {
public final static int SOCKET_PORT = 5501;
public final static String SERVER = "127.0.0.1";
public final static String
FILE_TO_RECEIVED = "file-rec.txt";
public final static int FILE_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
public static void main (String [] args ) throws IOException {
int bytesRead;
int current = 0;
FileOutputStream fos = null;
BufferedOutputStream bos = null;
Socket sock = null;
try {
sock = new Socket(SERVER, SOCKET_PORT);
System.out.println("Connecting...");
// receive file
byte [] mybytearray = new byte [FILE_SIZE];
InputStream is = sock.getInputStream();
fos = new FileOutputStream(FILE_TO_RECEIVED);
bos = new BufferedOutputStream(fos);
bytesRead = is.read(mybytearray,0,mybytearray.length);
current = bytesRead;
do {
bytesRead =
is.read(mybytearray, current, (mybytearray.length-current));
if(bytesRead >= 0) current += bytesRead;
} while(bytesRead > -1);
bos.write(mybytearray, 0 , current);
bos.flush();
System.out.println("File " + FILE_TO_RECEIVED
+ " downloaded (" + current + " bytes read)");
}
finally {
if (fos != null) fos.close();
if (bos != null) bos.close();
if (sock != null) sock.close();
}
}
}

To avoid the limitation of the file size , which can cause the Exception java.lang.OutOfMemoryError to be thrown when creating an array of the file size byte[] bytes = new byte[(int) length];, instead we could do
byte[] bytearray = new byte[1024*16];
FileInputStream fis = null;
try {
fis = new FileInputStream(file);
OutputStream output= socket.getOututStream();
BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(fis);
int readLength = -1;
while ((readLength = bis.read(bytearray)) > 0) {
output.write(bytearray, 0, readLength);
}
bis.close();
output.close();
}
catch(Exception ex ){
ex.printStackTrace();
} //Excuse the poor exception handling...

Rookie, if you want to write a file to server by socket, how about using fileoutputstream instead of dataoutputstream? dataoutputstream is more fit for protocol-level read-write. it is not very reasonable for your code in bytes reading and writing. loop to read and write is necessary in java io. and also, you use a buffer way. flush is necessary. here is a code sample: http://www.rgagnon.com/javadetails/java-0542.html

Adding up on EJP's answer; use this for more fluidity.
Make sure you don't put his code inside a bigger try catch with more code between the .read and the catch block, it may return an exception and jump all the way to the outer catch block, safest bet is to place EJPS's while loop inside a try catch, and then continue the code after it, like:
int count;
byte[] bytes = new byte[4096];
try {
while ((count = is.read(bytes)) > 0) {
System.out.println(count);
bos.write(bytes, 0, count);
}
} catch ( Exception e )
{
//It will land here....
}
// Then continue from here
EDIT: ^This happened to me cuz I didn't realize you need to put socket.shutDownOutput() if it's a client-to-server stream!
Hope this post solves any of your issues

Missing bytes in sending files over TCP connection

Some bytes are missing when I'm sending files over TCP connection. Though there are times that file transfer is complete.
Sending side:
class SendFile extends Thread {
Socket s;
String toIP;
String fileName;
PrintWriter pw;
BufferedReader br;
String fromIP;
String nextHopIP;
String transferTime;
int routingIndex;
final int bufferSize = 65536;
int readFile;
byte[] buffer;
FileInputStream fileIn;
OutputStream fileOut;
long fileTransferTime;
SendFile(String toIP, String fileName) {
this.toIP = toIP;
this.fileName = fileName;
}
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
fromIP = InetAddress.getLocalHost().getHostAddress();
nextHopIP = Tables.checkRoutingTable(toIP);
if (nextHopIP.equals("none")) {
System.out.println("Invalid IP address");
} else {
s = new Socket(nextHopIP, 3434);
fileIn = new FileInputStream(fileName);
fileOut = s.getOutputStream();
buffer = new byte[bufferSize];
pw = new PrintWriter(s.getOutputStream());
br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));
pw.println(fromIP);
pw.println(toIP);
pw.println(fileName.split("\\\\")[fileName.split("\\\\").length - 1]);
pw.flush();
//Send file
fileTransferTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
int sum = 0;
while ((readFile = fileIn.read(buffer)) != -1) {
fileOut.write(buffer, 0, readFile);
sum += readFile;
}
System.out.println(sum);
fileIn.close();
s.shutdownOutput();
br.readLine();
fileTransferTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - fileTransferTime;
System.out.println("File transfer time: " + fileTransferTime + " ms");
s.close();
break;
}
} catch (IOException ex) {
//Logger.getLogger(Main.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
System.out.println("Connection timed out. Retrying...");
}
}
}
}
Receiving side:
class FileTransferThread extends Thread {
Socket fromSocket;
Socket toSocket;
String ip;
BufferedReader fromBR;
BufferedReader toBR;
PrintWriter fromPW;
PrintWriter toPW;
String[][] delta;
String token;
String toIP;
String fromIP;
String nextHopIP;
String absoluteFileName;
String fileName;
int deltaCount;
int entryCount;
int socketIndex;
int i;
int j;
int readFile;
final int bufferSize = 65536;
byte[] buffer;
InputStream fileIn;
FileOutputStream fileOut;
OutputStream fileHopOut;
File directory;
long fileTransferTime;
FileTransferThread(Socket s) {
this.fromSocket = s;
}
public void run() {
try {
ip = InetAddress.getLocalHost().getHostAddress();
fromBR = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fromSocket.getInputStream()));
fromPW = new PrintWriter(fromSocket.getOutputStream());
fromIP = fromBR.readLine();
toIP = fromBR.readLine();
nextHopIP = Tables.checkRoutingTable(toIP);
buffer = new byte[bufferSize];
fileIn = fromSocket.getInputStream();
fileName = fromBR.readLine();
if (!fileName.equals("\\send")) {
directory = new File("c:\\" + fromIP);
directory.mkdirs();
absoluteFileName = "c:\\" + fromIP + "\\" + fileName;
fileOut = new FileOutputStream(absoluteFileName);
while (true) {
try {
//if not yet the destination IP, pass to next hop
if (!toIP.equals(ip)) {
toSocket = new Socket(toIP, 3434);
fileHopOut = toSocket.getOutputStream();
toBR = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(toSocket.getInputStream()));
toPW = new PrintWriter(toSocket.getOutputStream());
toPW.println(fromIP);
toPW.println(toIP);
toPW.println(fileName);
toPW.flush();
//Send file
while ((readFile = fileIn.read(buffer)) != -1) {
fileHopOut.write(buffer, 0, readFile);
}
toSocket.shutdownOutput();
fromPW.println(toBR.readLine());
fromPW.flush();
toSocket.close();
} else {
int sum = 0;
while ((readFile = fileIn.read(buffer)) != -1) {
fileOut.write(buffer, 0, readFile);
sum += readFile;
}
System.out.println(sum);
fileOut.flush();
fileOut.close();
fromPW.println("1");
fromPW.flush();
}
fromSocket.close();
break;
} catch (IOException ex) {
//Logger.getLogger(FileTransferThread.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
System.out.println("Connection timed out. Retrying...");
}
}
} else {
while(true) {
try {
//if not yet the destination IP, pass to next hop
if (!toIP.equals(ip)) {
toSocket = new Socket(toIP, 3434);
fileHopOut = toSocket.getOutputStream();
toBR = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(toSocket.getInputStream()));
toPW = new PrintWriter(toSocket.getOutputStream());
toPW.println(fromIP);
toPW.println(toIP);
toPW.println(fileName);
toPW.flush();
//Send file
while ((readFile = fileIn.read(buffer)) != -1) {
fileHopOut.write(buffer, 0, readFile);
}
toSocket.shutdownOutput();
fromPW.println(toBR.readLine());
fromPW.flush();
toSocket.close();
} else {
while ((readFile = fileIn.read(buffer)) != -1) {
}
fromPW.println("1");
fromPW.flush();
}
fromSocket.close();
break;
}
catch (IOException ex) {
//Logger.getLogger(FileTransferThread.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
System.out.println("Connection timed out. Retrying...");
}
}
}
fromSocket.close();
} catch (IOException ex) {
Logger.getLogger(FileTransferThread.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
}
}
}

You are not closing - and hence not flushing - the SocketOutputStream called fileout. (You really should consider less misleading names ...).
Hm ... it appears shutdownOutput does that; its javadoc writes:
Disables the output stream for this socket.
For a TCP socket, any previously written data will be sent
followed by TCP's normal connection termination sequence.
If you write to a socket output stream after invoking
shutdownOutput() on the socket, the stream will throw
an IOException.
I leave this in case anybody else has the same idea.

Note that socket.getInputStream specifies the sorts of data loss that can happen using that facility. In particular:
The network software may discard bytes
that are buffered by the socket.

Found the error. It seems that BufferedReader is getting a chunk of data which is supposed to be for the file.