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What is the best solution for lost JSESSIONID cookie on Java Web App Redirect?

The Problem
When redirecting from a servlet using response.sendRedirect(redirect_url);, the JSESSIONID cookie is not passed by the browser to the destination. A new JSESSIONID is created for every redirect, and it is impossible to track the user.
Note: This problem is only occurring on my new server implementing https and a domain name; the session ID is properly tracked when I run the web app locally or on another server without SSL or a domain name. Edit: I have set up another site on my server without SSL, and the issue persists. This seems to narrow the issue down to having a reverse proxy Apache.
An Example
The Login servlet on my web app attempts to store the user information in a session attribute then redirects to the MyCards servlet. I am using a redirect so that the URL will display mydomain.com/MyCards instead of mydomain.com/Login. The MyCards servlet attemtps to access the session attribute but finds nothing, and therefore redirects back to the Login servlet. This worked perfectly before deploying the project on my new server with SSL and domain name.
My Setup
Ubuntu 20.04 on DigitalOcean droplet
Apache Web Server (apache2) ... I have enabled mod_sessions, not sure if that's relevant.
Tomcat 9
Reverse proxy in Apache VirtualHost to Tomcat (I can post my .conf file if requested)
A redirect in Apache VirtualHost from HTTP to HTTPS
JDK 11
Possible Solutions
Using a forward instead of a redirect. The session ID is not lost when using requestDispatcher.forward(request, response);. As I mentioned above, I want the URL to reflect the destination for an intuitive user experience, which does not occur when using a forward.
Implementing your own session cookie, as in this answer, and manually storing sessions with a map, as in this answer, which strongly advises against such a facility. Based on my understanding, doing so poses security threats to user data. Also, if the browser is not passing the JSESSIONID cookie, I don't understand why it would choose to pass the manually implemented cookie unless the SameSite attribute is set to None (also bad).
Verifying that the webapp's context.xml does not have cookies="false" configured. Done that.
Using encoded URLs with response.sendRedirect(response.encodeRedirectURL(url));. Again, for the sake of having a clean URL (which the user could bookmark or type in) is preferable, and encoding the session ID into the URL is not.
Using relative URLs instead of absolute URLs...
"A session is only maintained if the redirection is being sent on the same port, host and webapp [and protocol?]. If redirection is done within the same application, using relative paths is the best practice." I tried both redirect_url = "/MyCards" and redirect_url = "MyCards", no luck.
Possible Reasons
Perhaps I am unknowingly switching between HTTP and HTTPS, which is a change in protocol and will not preserve the session ID. Of course, my intention is to remain secure and stay exclusively in HTTPS. Edit: I have set up another site on my server without SSL, and the issue persists. This seems to narrow the issue down to having a reverse proxy Apache. When accessing the web app directly on Tomcat (i.e. with <server_ip>:8080/MyWebApp), the session is tracked properly on redirect. However when using mydomain.com, the session ID is lost on every redirect.
Something to do with naked domains.
Other?
Edit: Maybe the issue is occurring because of the way the client, Apache, and Tomcat interact via the reverse proxy. Does the proxy cause the domain/port to change on every request/response?
My Questions
Why exactly is the session ID lost when using a redirect to a relative URL to a servlet in the same web app on the same server? Shouldn't the redirect occur entirely on the server-side, preventing a new request/session from being created? Since the relative URLs (which I thought would preserve the session) did not solve the issue, does this indicate some problem with my server setup (e.g. unintentional switching between protocols)?
What is the best practice for maintaining the user session ID, even when the user has cookies disabled? Is there no way around URL encoding when cookies are disabled? Or should the app be implemented exclusively with forwards rather than redirects? If so, is there a workaround to changing the URL to reflect the destination?
Note: this is my first post, so I don't have the reputation to comment. I will edit the post with any needed information.

How to return a session id from a http server

I have come across many examples of implementing a simple http server in Java. This one fits my needs: http://www.rgagnon.com/javadetails/java-have-a-simple-http-server.html
However, I can't find an example of how to generate, return, and maintain a session id from such a simple http server.
Is that even possible? Is there a way to modify the sample code referred above to incorporate this functionality?
Thanks.

HTTP does not have session support on it self once it is a stateless application protocol. So you need implement it by your self.
For example, on servlet containers like Tomcat there is a cookie called JSESSIONID that is generated and stored on the browser. The client sends back the cookie to the server on each request. Once each client has a different cookie the server can identify the client session.
When cookies are not allowed the parameter JSESSIONID is added to the URL for each request. This technique is called URL Rewriting.
There is a question, not specific for Java HTTP servers, that has implementation details for this problem.
HTTP Session Tracking

How to share the Remember me cookie between Spring Apps in the same domain?

I'm developing an environment with 2 webapps deployed in Tomcat 7. One authenticate users using form, openid, remember me cookie or x509 cert. This one works as expected and use the Remember me cookie to authenticate properly when generated.
The problem resides in the second one (the client):
When the login request comes back to the client from the first one, I don't see any cookie. I'm pretty sure they are in the same domain (localhost) and the cookie path is "/" but the browser (firefox) is not sending the cookie to the client.
If I want to use the generated remember me cookie to authenticate in the client, do I need to include all remember me cookie stuff from Spring's security?
Is the remember me cookie a good approach? Do I need something like siteminder or other better approaches?
Thanks in advance. Answers will be voted

Check the cookie information when it is sent back from the server (use Firebug to monitor the network traffic if you're using Firefox).
Check the domain and path, and also whether the cookie is flagged as secure. If the remember-me cookie is issued over a secure connection it will be marked as secure and the browser won't send it over HTTP.
If this is the case, you have to explicitly override it (though you're better to use HTTPS throughout). There's a use-secure-cookie attribute in the remember-me namespace element which you can set.

Losing session on a website between mydomain.com and www.mydomain.com

When I login into my website checando.com.br and try to access www.checando.com.br it loses the session. When I come back to the first URL my session is restored normally. Just like if it's two different applications, but they're in the same server.
Is there any Tomcat configuration to tell it to maintain the session between www. and non-www access?
By the way I'm using Tomcat 7.0.22 and the server is Digital Ocean.
Thank you.

You probably need to configure Tomcat to use ".checando.com.br" as the host of the session cookie.
I never use this, but seems to be as easy as setting "sessionCookieDomain" in your context file:
http://tomcat.apache.org/tomcat-7.0-doc/config/context.html

Your cookie has a domain in it.
Check the domain in the cookie and make sure it matches your domain.
Tomcat setting is available. sessionCookieDomain
http://tomcat.apache.org/tomcat-7.0-doc/config/context.html
You can change this programatically ServletContext.getSessionCookieConfig()
http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/7/api/javax/servlet/SessionCookieConfig.html#setDomain(java.lang.String)

Session is lost and created as new in every servlet request

I have this big issue. My current session is gone every time I made a new request to Server.
I have checked in a lot of places. I can't find what's the problem. I also have included
session-config in web.xml both in tomcat and application. I also enabled to accept cookies to my browsers. Tested in every browser. It's not working.
I am just developing a simple java ee applcation using JSP/Servlet. I am facing the problem only after I have deployed to tomcat in server machine.

One possible cause for this is having a "naked" host name (i.e. one without a domain part). That's fairly common if you're working in an Intranet.
The problem is that almost all browsers cookies will not accept cookies for hostnames without a domain name. That's done in order to prevent evilsite.com from setting a Cookie for com (which would be bad, as it would be the ultimate tracking cookie).
So if you access your applicaton via http://examplehost/ it won't accept any cookie, while for http://examplehost.localdomain/ it will accept (and return) the cookie just fine.
The nasty thing about that is that the server can't distinguish between "the browser got the cookie and ignored it" and "the browser never got the cookie". So each single access will look like a completely new sesson to the server.

After years, I never posted the answer back here. At that time I was busy and forgot about this question. But, today I am looking for a solution in Stackoverflow as usual and saw this notification mentioning I am getting points from this Question. Seems like other developers are facing the same issue. So, I tried to recall how I solved the issue. And yes, I solved by manually put back the session id to track/maintain the session id.
Please see the code that I manually put back jsessionid inside the servlet.
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
if (request.getParameter("JSESSIONID") != null) {
Cookie userCookie = new Cookie("JSESSIONID", request.getParameter("JSESSIONID"));
response.addCookie(userCookie);
} else {
String sessionId = session.getId();
Cookie userCookie = new Cookie("JSESSIONID", sessionId);
response.addCookie(userCookie);
}

First check if the webapp's context.xml does not have cookies="false" configured.
Further it's good to know that cookies are domain, port and contextpath dependent. If the links in the page points to a different domain, port and/or contextpath as opposed to the current request URL (the one you see in the browser's address bar), then the cookie won't be passed through which will cause that the session cannot be identified anymore and thus you will get a new one from the servletcontainer.
If that is not the cause, then check if you aren't doing a redirect on every request using HttpServletResponse.sendRedirect() for some reason. If you do this already on the very first request, then the cookie will get lost. You'll need to replace
response.sendRedirect(url);
by
response.sendRedirect(response.encodeRedirectURL(url));

In Your properties
server.session.cookie.http-only=true
server.session.cookie.secure=true
Remove these settings, it will retain your session id cookie, which is being reset with every request.

I experienced a stale https session cookie (my ad-hoc term) problem, due to a secure flag.
I had this problem when switching between http and https. The cookie stored by https session was never overwritten by http session. It remained in FireFox memory for eternity. It was visible in FireFox Tools / Options / Privacy / Delete single cookies where in Send for field it was Only for secure connections. Clearing this single cookie or all cookies is a workaround.
I was debugging the problem with wget, and I noticed such a header:
Set-Cookie: JSESSIONID=547ddffae0e5c0e2d1d3ef21906f; Path=/myapp; Secure; HttpOnly
The word secure appears only in https connections and creates this stale cookie. It's a SecureFlag (see OWASP). There are ways to disable this flag on server side, which seems like a permanent solution, but maybe not safe.
Or is it a browser bug, that the cookie is not overwritten?

Try adding the Live Http Headers plugin to firefox, and make sure the session cookie is indeed being passed to the browser from the server, and make sure the browser is sending it back again on the next request.

Please verify if the session is not being invalidated in your code someplace. Look for code similar to request.getSession().invalidate();

If there is a load balance configuration, will must have to configurate a route in the network for preserve the requests in the same server. Otherwise, the each request will go to a different server, losing the session attribute.

Edit your tomcat context.xml file and replace <Context> tag to <Context useHttpOnly="false"> , this helped me.

Are you connecting via http or https?
For servlets the session I'd cookie has attributes 'secure' and 'httpOnly'. 'secure' means user agent will only send cookie if transport is secure (https/tls). If your connecting with http a new session is created on each request. 'httpOnly' means the cookie can not be modified by client side script.