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Java, 3D prospective projection

I'm learning 3D rendering with java and I encountered a weird issue.
I'm able to rotate and display 3D objects to the screen. but when I tried to use prospective projection to show depth, the program freaks out. No errors or anything, but the depth seems to stretch incurability long. I narrowed the problem down to the perspective divide in the projection function.
Can anyone help?
public class Renderer extends JPanel{
public Renderer() {
}
double angle = 0;
double a;
double f;
double l;
double offSet;
public void update() {
angle += 0.03;
repaint();
}
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
super.paintComponent(g2d);
for(Triangle element: MidService.mesh)
{
Vertex v1 = rotateY(element.v1);
Vertex v2 = rotateY(element.v2);
Vertex v3 = rotateY(element.v3);
v1 = projection(v1);
v2 = projection(v2);
v3 = projection(v3);
int offSet = (int) (MidService.displayX/2);
g2d.drawLine(offSet + v1.x, offSet + v1.y, offSet + v2.x, offSet + v2.y);
g2d.drawLine(offSet + v2.x, offSet + v2.y, offSet + v3.x, offSet + v3.y);
g2d.drawLine(offSet + v3.x, offSet + v3.y, offSet + v1.x, offSet + v1.y);
}
}
public Vertex projection(Vertex v)
{
a = MidService.displayY / MidService.displayX;
f = 1 / (Math.tan(MidService.fieldOfView/2));
l = MidService.Zfar / (MidService.Zfar - MidService.Znear);
offSet = MidService.Zfar / (MidService.Zfar - MidService.Znear) * MidService.Znear;
double x = (v.x * a * f);
double y = (v.y * f);
double z = (v.z * l - offSet);
double w = v.z;
//the if function below caused the issue
if(w != 0.0) {
x /= w;
y /= w;
z /= w;
}
return new Vertex((int)x, (int)y, (int)z);
}
public Vertex rotateY(Vertex v)
{
double x = v.x * Math.cos(angle) + v.z * Math.sin(angle);
double y = v.y;
double z = v.x * (-Math.sin(angle)) + v.z * Math.cos(angle);
return new Vertex((int)x, (int)y, (int)z);
}
//-------------------------------------------------------
public class MidService {
public static double displayX = 1000;
public static double displayY = 1000;
public static double fieldOfView = 180;
public static double Zfar = 10;
public static double Znear = 1;
public static ArrayList<Triangle> mesh = new ArrayList<>();
}
//---------------------------------------------
public class Driver {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Display display = new Display();
MidService.mesh.add(new Triangle(new Vertex(-100, 100, 100),
new Vertex(-100, -100, 100),
new Vertex(100, -100, 100)));
MidService.mesh.add(new Triangle(new Vertex(-100, 100, 100),
new Vertex(100, -100, 100),
new Vertex(100, 100, 100)));
Here's a video of it:[https://youtu.be/bFJLU5c3JE0]

A follow up to the perspective division issue. It turns out to be the inverse of the difference between camera distance and z coordinate. So instead of division by z, its 1/(distance - z)
Below is modification for Gaba Miau's matrix multiply function
Vertex Mult(float[][] mat,Vertex v){
float ver[] = {v.x,v.y,v.z,v.w};
float ans[] = {0,0,0,0};
for (int i=0;i<mat.length;i++){
for(int j=0;j<mat[0].length;j++){
ans[i] += mat[i][j] * ver[j];
}
}
float temp = 100/(500 - v.z);
if(temp != 0)
{
ans[0] *= temp;
ans[1] *= temp;
ans[2] *= temp;
}
Vertex vans = new Vertex((int)ans[0],(int)ans[1],(int)ans[2]);
vans.w =(int) ans[3];
return vans;
}
P.S. it's ans[i] += mat[i][j] * ver[j]; in the forloop

Firstly you should be using a graphics API like OpenGL or DirectX, secondly you should be using a math library like GLM that contains all the projection matrix formulas and other stuff. Thirdly, you shouldn't be using int as a datatype to store vertex data.
I made a few changes to your code so it doesn't freak out anymore.
The fov should be in the range(0.001,179.999), never 180, it is recommanded using 90 deg. Also the math function tan takes in radians not deg.
package Render;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import javax.sound.midi.MidiDevice;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import Beans.Triangle;
import Beans.Vertex;
import Utilities.MidService;
public class Renderer extends JPanel{
public Renderer() {
}
double angle = 0;
double a;
double f;
double l;
double offSet;
public void update() {
//angle += 0.03;
repaint();
}
float projMat[][]= {
{1f / ((float)Math.tan(MidService.fieldOfView/2f)),0,0,0},
{0,1f / ((float)Math.tan(MidService.fieldOfView/2f)),0,0},
{0,0,MidService.Zfar / (MidService.Zfar - MidService.Znear),1},
{0,0,-MidService.Zfar* MidService.Znear / (MidService.Zfar - MidService.Znear),0},
};
Vertex Mult(float[][] mat,Vertex v){
float ver[] = {v.x,v.y,v.z,v.w};
float ans[] = {0,0,0,0};
for (int i=0;i<mat.length;i++){
for(int j=0;j<mat[0].length;j++){
ans[i] += mat[i][j] * ver[i];
}
}
Vertex vans = new Vertex((int)ans[0],(int)ans[1],(int)ans[2]);
vans.w =(int) ans[3];
return vans;
}
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
super.paintComponent(g2d);
for(Triangle element: MidService.mesh)
{
Vertex v1 = rotateZ(element.v1);
Vertex v2 = rotateZ(element.v2);
Vertex v3 = rotateZ(element.v3);
v1 = rotateY(v1);
v2 = rotateY(v2);
v3 = rotateY(v3);
v1 = Mult(projMat,v1);
v2 = Mult(projMat,v2);
v3 = Mult(projMat,v3);
int offSet = (int) (MidService.displayX/2);
g2d.drawLine(offSet + (int)v1.x, offSet + (int)v1.y, offSet + (int)v2.x, offSet + (int)v2.y);
g2d.drawLine(offSet + (int)v2.x, offSet + (int)v2.y, offSet + (int)v3.x, offSet + (int)v3.y);
g2d.drawLine(offSet + (int)v3.x, offSet + (int)v3.y, offSet + (int)v1.x, offSet + (int)v1.y);
}
}
public Vertex projection(Vertex v)
{
a = MidService.displayY / MidService.displayX;
f = 1 / (Math.tan(MidService.fieldOfView/2));
l = MidService.Zfar / (MidService.Zfar - MidService.Znear);
offSet = MidService.Zfar / (MidService.Zfar - MidService.Znear) * MidService.Znear;
double x = (v.x * a * f);
double y = (v.y * f);
double z = (v.z * l - offSet);
double w = v.z;
if(w != 0.0) {
x /= w;
y /= w;
z /= w;
}
return new Vertex((int)x, (int)y, (int)z);
}
public Vertex rotateY(Vertex v)
{
double x = v.x * Math.cos(angle) + v.z * Math.sin(angle);
double y = v.y;
double z = v.x * (-Math.sin(angle)) + v.z * Math.cos(angle);
return new Vertex((int)x, (int)y, (int)z);
}
public Vertex rotateZ(Vertex v)
{
double x = v.x * Math.cos(angle) + v.y * (-Math.sin(angle));
double y = v.x * Math.sin(angle) + v.y * Math.cos(angle);
double z = v.z;
return new Vertex((int)x, (int)y, (int)z);
}
}
Here is the MidService class
package Utilities;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import Beans.Triangle;
public class MidService {
public static float displayX = 1000;
public static float displayY = 1000f;
public static float fieldOfView = 3.14f/2f;
public static float Zfar = 100f;
public static float Znear = 0.1f;
public static ArrayList<Triangle> mesh = new ArrayList<>();
}
And Vertex
package Beans;
public class Vertex {
public float x;
public float y;
public float z;
public float w = 1;
public Vertex(int x, int y, int z) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.z = z;
}
}

can't seem to get the correct coordinates to display in the right way

I'm trying to get the map to paint the set scaleX left side by 180 to 360 longitude and the right side 0 to 180 but I'm abit unsure on a way to make convert these coordinates around as I can't add extra parameters to filRect as I'm only allowed 4 parameters. If I set ScaleX to 0, 360 I get the map the wrong way round. I have 2 classes Plot and Plotmap
My plot class
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class Plot extends JComponent {
int width = 1200, height = 1200;
double xmin = 0, xmax = 1, ymin = 0, ymax = 1, lmin = 0, lmax = 180;
public int scaleX(double x){
return (int) (width * (x - xmin) / (xmax + xmin));
}
public int scaleY ( double y){
return (int) (height * (ymin - y) / (ymax - ymin) + height);
}
public void setScaleX ( double min, double max){
xmin = min;
xmax = max;
}
public void setScaleY ( double min, double max){
ymin = min;
ymax = max;
}
}
My plot map class
public class Plotmap extends Plot {
Earth e;
int point = 20;
public Plotmap(String filename) throws FileNotFoundException {
e = new Earth();
e.readDataArray(filename);
setScaleX(0, 360);
setScaleY(-90, 90);
//setScaleXR(180, 360);
//setScaleYR(-90, 90);
}
#Override
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;
this.width = getWidth();
this.height = getHeight();
for (int i = 0; i < e.array.length; i++) {
double longitude = e.array[i][0];
double latitude = e.array[i][1];
double alti = e.array[i][2];
if (alti < 0)
g2d.setColor(new Color(0, 90, 139));
else
g2d.setColor(new Color(0, 0, 139));
g.fillRect(scaleX(longitude), scaleY(latitude), point, point);
}
}
}

create percentage square in java instead circles

I am working in a existing project for an amazfit watchface. Code is based in java. The question is: In original project, for show battery, steps and sport percentage, show three circles. My idea is to draw a rectangle (or a line) instead the original circle. The problem is I am new programming in java and I don´t know for change this without FC app.
this watch has two screens: one active and other in stand-by mode (8colors only)
active mode draws circle, standby mode works with an png image.
This is the code (for circles):
package es.xxxx.xxxx.widget;
private final float startAngleBattery = 30;
private final float arcSizeBattery = 360 - startAngleBattery - startAngleBattery;
#Override
public void init(Service service) {
this.thickness = (int) service.getResources().getDimension(R.dimen.xxxx_circles_thickness);
this.textPaint = new Paint(Paint.ANTI_ALIAS_FLAG);
this.textPaint.setTypeface(ResourceManager.getTypeFace(service.getResources(), ResourceManager.Font.BEBAS_NEUE));
this.textPaint.setTextSize(service.getResources().getDimension(R.dimen.xxxx_circles_font_size));
this.textPaint.setColor(service.getResources().getColor(R.color.xxxx_time_colour));
this.textPaint.setTextAlign(Paint.Align.CENTER);
this.ring = new Paint(Paint.ANTI_ALIAS_FLAG);
this.ring.setStrokeCap(Paint.Cap.ROUND);
this.ring.setStyle(Paint.Style.STROKE);
this.ring.setStrokeWidth(this.thickness);
this.circle = new Paint(Paint.ANTI_ALIAS_FLAG);
this.circle.setColor(Color.BLACK);
this.circle.setStrokeWidth(1f);
this.circle.setStyle(Paint.Style.STROKE);
#Override
public void draw(Canvas canvas, float width, float height, float centerX, float centerY) {
int count = canvas.save();
int radius = Math.round(Math.min(width / 2, height / 2)) - this.thickness;
RectF oval = new RectF(centerX - radius, centerY - radius, centerX + radius, centerY + radius);
// rotate from 0 to 270 degrees
canvas.rotate(90, centerX, centerY);
this.ring.setColor(this.backgroundColour);
canvas.drawArc(oval, startAngleBattery, arcSizeBattery, false, ring);
if (batterySweepAngle != null) {
float px = getPointX(oval, centerX, startAngleBattery, batterySweepAngle);
float py = getPointY(oval, centerY, startAngleBattery, batterySweepAngle);
this.ring.setColor(this.batteryColour);
canvas.drawArc(oval, startAngleBattery, batterySweepAngle, false, ring);
canvas.drawCircle(px, py, this.thickness / 3f, circle);
canvas.drawCircle(px, py, this.thickness / 6f, circle);
}
canvas.restoreToCount(count);
if (this.batteryData != null) {
String text = String.format("%02d", this.batteryData.getLevel() * 100 / this.batteryData.getScale());
canvas.drawText(text, batteryTextLeft, batteryTextTop, textPaint);
}
}
#Override
public void onDataUpdate(DataType type, Object value) {
switch (type) {
case BATTERY:
onBatteryData((Battery) value);
break;
}
}
#Override
public List<DataType> getDataTypes() {
return Arrays.asList(DataType.BATTERY);
private void onBatteryData(Battery battery) {
this.batteryData = battery;
if (batteryData == null) {
this.batterySweepAngle = 0f;
} else {
float scale = batteryData.getLevel() / (float) batteryData.getScale();
this.batterySweepAngle = Math.min(arcSizeBattery, arcSizeBattery * scale);
}
}
private RectF nextOval(RectF oval) {
oval.left = oval.left + this.thickness + MARGIN;
oval.top = oval.top + this.thickness + MARGIN;
oval.right = oval.right - this.thickness - MARGIN;
oval.bottom = oval.bottom - this.thickness - MARGIN;
return oval;
}
private float getPointX(RectF oval, float cx, float startAngle, float sweepAngle) {
float width = oval.right - oval.left;
return (float) (cx + (width / 2D) * Math.cos((sweepAngle + startAngle) * Math.PI / 180));
}
private float getPointY(RectF oval, float cy, float startAngle, float sweepAngle) {
float height = oval.bottom - oval.top;
return (float) (cy + (height / 2D) * Math.sin((sweepAngle + startAngle) * Math.PI / 180));
}
#Override
public List<SlptViewComponent> buildSlptViewComponent(Service service) {
Typeface timeTypeFace = ResourceManager.getTypeFace(service.getResources(), ResourceManager.Font.BEBAS_NEUE);
SlptLinearLayout power = new SlptLinearLayout();
power.alignX = 2;
power.alignY = 2;
power.add(new SlptPowerNumView());
power.setTextAttrForAll(
service.getResources().getDimension(R.dimen.xxxx_circles_font_size_slpt),
-1,
timeTypeFace
);
power.setStart(
(int) service.getResources().getDimension(R.dimen.xxxx_battery_text_left_slpt),
(int) service.getResources().getDimension(R.dimen.xxxx_battery_text_top_slpt));
SlptPowerArcAnglePicView powerArcView = new SlptPowerArcAnglePicView();
powerArcView.setImagePicture(Util.assetToBytes(service, "battery_splt.png"));
powerArcView.start_angle = (int) startAngleBattery + 180 - 3;
powerArcView.full_angle = (int) arcSizeBattery + 6;
return Arrays.asList(power, powerArcView);
}
}
Thanks in advance.

For anyone still searching...
You can draw the rectangular in the "draw" function that runs in loop constantly when screen is on, however, screen off (SLPT mode) uses ingenic's libraries to draw (function buildSlptViewComponent) and there is the real problem.
I don't want to get into details because it would be pages, so have a look at GreatFit project.

What does using leapfrog integration accomplish in particle simulations?

I have been working on a particle simulation in Java, and I'm a bit confused about leapfrog integration.
I read that it "conserves energy" and took that to mean that my particles would no longer sling-shot off at absurd speeds when their separation distance is near zero. However it still happens. Am I misunderstanding the point of leapfrog integration or did I implement it wrong?
Here is what happens: http://screencast.com/t/UcMNxucKVwn
I don't see any difference in results between updating velocity based on force at current position alone versus an average.
I won't post my whole project unless I need to because it is pretty long. The simulation is run using a Java swing timer that just runs updatePosition and then updateVelocity on each body and then draws them all.
Here is the body class:
public class Body {
private final double G = 100; // Gravity strength
private double xPos, yPos;
private double xVel, yVel;
private double radius;
private double mass;
private double oldFx;
private double oldFy;
public Body(double xPos, double yPos, double xVel, double yVel, double radius) {
this.xPos = xPos;
this.yPos = yPos;
this.xVel = xVel;
this.yVel = yVel;
this.radius = radius;
this.mass = Math.PI * radius * radius;
this.oldFx = 0;
this.oldFy = 0;
}
void updatePosition() {
xPos += xVel;
yPos += yVel;
}
void updateVelocity(Body b) {
double DT = BHMain.DT/1000.0; // Time step
// Force on this body
double dx = xPos - b.xPos;
double dy = yPos - b.yPos;
double r = Math.sqrt((dx*dx + dy*dy));
double newF = - G * mass * b.mass / (r*r);
double angle = Math.atan2(dy, dx);
double newFx = newF*Math.cos(angle);
double newFy = newF*Math.sin(angle);
double Fx = (oldFx + newFx) / 2;
double Fy = (oldFy + newFy) / 2;
// Update velocity. a = F / m. v = v0 + a*t
xVel += DT * Fx / mass;
yVel += DT * Fy / mass;
oldFx = newFx;
oldFy = newFy;
}
void drawBody(Graphics g) {
int diameter = (int) (2 * radius);
int x = (int) (xPos - radius);
int y = (int) (yPos - radius);
g.fillOval(x, y, diameter, diameter);
}
}

How to trigger multiple MouseEvent events

I have a class that when clicked draws one point, when clicked again it draws another point and draws the line between them.
public class SlopeComponent extends JComponent
{
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
public SlopeComponent()
{
point1 = null;
point2 = null;
class MouseSpy extends MouseAdapter
{
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent event)
{
double x1 = rxPixel(event.getX());
double y1 = ryPixel(event.getY());
point1 = new Point2D.Double(x1, y1);
double x2 = rxPixel(event.getX());
double y2 = ryPixel(event.getY());
point2 = new Point2D.Double(x2, y2);
repaint();
}
}
MouseSpy listener = new MouseSpy ();
addMouseListener(listener);
}
public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{
super.paintComponent(g);
Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D)g;
Axes axes = new Axes(xPixel(XMIN), xPixel(XMAX), yPixel(YMIN), yPixel(YMAX),
xPixel(0), yPixel(0), sWidth(1), sHeight(1));
axes.drawAxes(g2); //draw the axes
axes.drawTicks(g2);
if(point1 != null || point2 != null)
{
plotPoint(g2, point1);
plotPoint(g2, point2);
double x1 = point1.getX();
double y1 = point1.getY();
double x2 = point2.getX();
double y2 = point2.getY();
drawSlope(g2, x1, y1, x2, y2);
}
}
public void drawSlope(Graphics2D g2, double x1, double y1, double x2, double y2) //draw the lines
{
Point2D.Double p1 = new Point2D.Double(xPixel(x1), yPixel(y1));
Point2D.Double p2 = new Point2D.Double(xPixel(x2), yPixel(y2));
Line2D.Double line = new Line2D.Double(p1, p2);
g2.draw(line);
}
public void plotPoint(Graphics2D g2, Point2D.Double p) //plot the point
{
double x = p.getX();
double y = p.getY();
double radius = 5 * (XMAX - XMIN) / getWidth();
Ellipse2D.Double point = new Ellipse2D.Double(xPixel(x - radius), yPixel(y + radius),
sWidth(2 * radius), sHeight(2 * radius));
g2.fill(point);
double xR = Rounding.round(x, 1);
double yR = Rounding.round(y, 1);
double gap = 6 * (XMAX - XMIN) / getWidth();
g2.drawString("(" + xR + ", " + yR + ")", (float)xPixel(x + gap), (float)yPixel(y + gap));
}
public double rxPixel(double x)
{
return x * (XMAX - XMIN) / (getWidth() - 1) + XMIN;
}
public double ryPixel(double y)
{
return y * (YMIN - YMAX) / (getHeight() - 1) + YMAX;
}
public double xPixel(double xuser)
{
return (xuser - XMIN) * (getWidth() - 1) / (XMAX - XMIN);
}
public double yPixel(double yuser)
{
return (yuser - YMAX) * (getHeight() - 1) / (YMIN - YMAX);
}
public double sHeight(double yuser)
{
return yuser * (getHeight() - 1) / (YMAX - YMIN);
}
public double sWidth(double xuser)
{
return xuser * (getWidth() - 1) / (XMAX - XMIN);
}
private static final double XMIN = -10;
private static final double XMAX = 10;
private static final double YMIN = -10;
private static final double YMAX = 10;
private Point2D.Double point1;
private Point2D.Double point2;
}
However, when I try to run this, it draws both points on top of each other, then the line on top of that. I know that in my constructor I am calling getX() and getY() on the same event so that point1 and point2 have the coordinates. How do I call multiple events so that this does not happen.

You can count the clicks, you can do something like this
int count = 0;
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent event)
{
if(count == 0){
double x1 = rxPixel(event.getX());
double y1 = ryPixel(event.getY());
point1 = new Point2D.Double(x1, y1);
count++;
}
if(count == 1){
double x2 = rxPixel(event.getX());
double y2 = ryPixel(event.getY());
point2 = new Point2D.Double(x2, y2);
repaint();
}
}