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I want to build an Android app with overlay over the map, What layout should I use to achieve the result as the image?

enter image description here
Should I use fragments? but I want an overlay over the map activity. How can I achieve this?
So far, I have been trying, to add two buttons and on click of a button opens a floating map, but it doesn't give me this result, it resembles a bookmark bar on chrome with three dots on the sides which aren't what I want.

Not sure what you are going to do when user will tap on go back or any button or back press
but here i assume it that you are going to remove that white overlay and only map will be shown
if yes then you can simply use map in your activity/fragment whatever you like and white overlay should be created and shown using BottomSheetDialogFragment
to understand how you will create BottomSheetDialogFragment , you can refer this example
https://medium.com/#kosta.palash/using-bottomsheetdialogfragment-with-material-design-guideline-f9814c39b9fc

I think the best bet is using coordinatorLayout with a child layout that has BottomsheetBehaviour for the overlay. or simply BottomSheetDialogFragment if user isn't going to interact with map when the overlay is drawn up.
a layout with app:layout_behavior="com.google.android.material.bottomsheet.BottomSheetBehavior" fits the picture. more on that here

Is it possible to block screen capture on certain parts of the screen?

To disable screen capturing we can use:
getWindow().setFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_SECURE,WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_SECURE);
Is possible to use something similar to hide views?
For example:
[imageview]
[hidden content]
[text view]

Not really.
The system-supplied solution, FLAG_SECURE, is by window, not by View. Most views draw only in the activity's window. Some views conditionally use a second window, such as the drop-down of a Spinner, but you do not control those windows either.
In principle, if the views that you wanted to block from screenshots were contiguous, you could set up your own window, put the views in that window, and use FLAG_SECURE only on that window. This is likely to be complex and is likely to cause other sorts of problems (e.g., multi-window devices, accessibility).

How to control the width or the visibility of an activity

I'm using this awesome library Dragger to add drag features to my activity, but is there a way to limit the width of the activity when it shows up or dragged..!? I don't want it to fill the entire screen..! kinda like the drawer navigation menu (see the pic below).
I was thinking of Dialog Activity, but it seems to be concerned with dialogs only and won't allow filling the other 3 sides or I not fully understand it..!
Any help?

Activity is not a view, so it does not have a size. Its' layout views do however.
You can try changing their sizes. Or, as it is an animation lib, you can try modifying existing or adding your own animations where views change sizes when moving. You can modify this param:
<item name="android:windowAnimationStyle">#null</item>
This might help you.

Android Button background Image changes back to state in XML

I have a simple soundboard which uses Buttons to represent the sounds. When a sound button is clicked. The background image is changed using the view.
Button butt = (Button)view;
butt.setBackgroundResource(buttons_on[media]);
buttons_on is a int[] representing the drawables of the buttons.
This all works perfect, but I also use a FragmentActivity to create a paged App. The App has 4 different pages which you can swipe through. When I change a button using the above code and swipe two pages to the right and than swipe back. The image of the button has changed back to it's default defined in the page.xml.
How can I prevent this behavior?
change the Buttons to ImageButtons and setting the src?
somehow prevent the page from reloading

Instead of doing that you should look at how to use a StateListDrawable. It will simplify your approach.

Creating launcher animations in android

I am thinking about making a launcher for android, i dont know if i'll market it. But i'm thinking like my phone is in landscape mode, and i see 4 rows of buttons, and 4 buttons on each row. Kind of like a grid with buttons. And then, once i click a button, i want the buttons splitted in the middle and moved from each other, with an animation. And then a second screen comes in from the back. How can i do this? I thought of creating two layouts holding 4 buttons each, and once i click one, it should move the layouts from each other and the second blank screen would kind of fly in from the back, like if it was behind the buttons. How can i create these animations? Please help me and thanks so much!

You can add a middle row with width initially as 0dp, and then when opening an Activity you could animate its width, and for the second screen you can use a simple zoomIn animation with overridePendingTransition() after startActivity()