How can static fields of some superclass be protected from alteration (for example in main method), while keeping this possibility via setters in subclasses. As far as i know, making it private won't make the job, because private static fields are not a part of subclasses. Only thing I can excogitate
is making them protected and include those classes (without main class) in a package.
Is there a simplier solution?
class Main{
public static void main(String[] args){
Foo.precious = "nothingness";
}
}
class Foo{
static String precious = "Precious data";
}
class Bar extends Foo{
Foo.precious = "More precious";
}
And if I add a private modifier to the precious in Foo class, then I will protect it from main(), however lose the ability to change it in subclass as well.
There is no access modifier that makes a member/static/method visible to a subclass but not the package.
This is taken from Oracle Documentation
When a subclass is expected to override its super class' behviour, you have to stick to the OOD rules: You'd better make them variables non-static so that the subclasses can re-define them and override its public getters:
class Foo{
private String precious = "Precious data";
public String getPrecious() { return precious; }
}
class Bar extends Foo{
private String precious = "more precious";
#Override
public String getPrecious() { return precious; }
}
class Main{
public static void main(String[] args){
Foo.precious = "nothingness"; // Compilation error: field precious is not visible.
Foo.setPrecious("x"); // Compilation error: No such public method.
}
}
In an effort to reduce my NCSS count of a class (~850), I have split all of the methods into their own classes and to make things easier, I extend an abstract class that holds all the helper functions.
AbstractMethod.class
public class AbstractMethod {
protected String requestWebPage(URL url) {
// download a webpage as a string
}
}
Example "account" subclass
public class AccountData extends AbstractMethod {
public String getAccount(String sessionId){
String webPage = requestWebPage("http://google.com/"+sessionId);
system.out.println(webPage);
return webPage;
}
}
I have approx 10 of these method classes and would like to only initialize them when one of the methods in the main/base class is called:
public class MyBaseClass() {
private static AccountData ad;
public MyBaseClass() {
ad = new AccountData(); // Is there a better way?
}
public String getAccount(String sessionId) {
return ad.getAccount(String sessionId);
}
}
I have tried to create an initialise function in the MyBaseClass class that accepts the subtype as a parameter and create an object based on it's class:
private void initAccount() {
if (ad == null) {
ad = new AccountData();
}
}
but it's ugly and I have to have one per sub-class.
So, what's the "correct" way to do this? Sometimes when the class is called, we will only use 1 or 2 of the methods, so I don't want to have to initialise all the sub-classes each time.
It would seem to me that what you really want is to use static methods rather than abstract helper classes, perhaps along with import static.
That way, the class(es) defining those methods would, as you wish, only be initialized once the methods are actually called.
You would also not limit your inheritence structure in general to where the methods happen to be defined.
That's assuming you don't use any instance data for those methods, of course; but from the looks of your sample code, it doesn't seem that way.
Instantiating classes in Java is cheap. If the classes are not doing anything substantial in their contructors then just do
public String getAccount(String sessionId) {
AccountData ad = new AccountData();
return ad.getAccount(String sessionId);
}
Don't optimize where it's not nessesary. Profile your code before. You might be suprised how wrong your assumtions are (I know I was many times).
Please check the Java code below:
public class Test
{
public static void main(String arg[]) throws Throwable
{
Test t = new Test();
System.out.println(t.meth().s); //OP: Old value
System.out.println(t.meth().getVal()); //OP: String Implementation
}
private TestInter meth()
{
return new TestInter()
{
public String s = "String Implementation";
public String getVal()
{
return this.s;
}
};
}
}
interface TestInter
{
String s = "Old value";
String getVal();
}
As you see I have created an interface anonymously. When I access the interface variable directly, it will show "Old value".
t.meth().s => "Old value"
Accessing it through the getVal() method returns proper values,
t.meth().getVal() => "String Implementation"
I don't understand how this code works, can somebody explain it to me?
The s variable declared in the interface is entirely separate from the s variable you've declared in your anonymous inner class.
Interface variables are really just designed to be constants - they aren't part of the API each implementation needs to provide. In particular, they're implicitly static and final.
From the JLS section 9.3:
Every field declaration in the body of an interface is implicitly public, static, and final. It is permitted to redundantly specify any or all of these modifiers for such fields.
The fact that you've accessed the field via an implementation instance is irrelevant - this code:
System.out.println(t.meth().s);
is effectively:
t.meth();
System.out.println(TestInter.s);
I would strongly encourage you to avoid using variables in interfaces except for genuine constants... and even then, only where it really makes sense. It's not clear what you're trying to achieve, but declaring a field in an interface isn't a good way forward IMO.
There is nothing like variable-overriding like method overriding in java. Name a new type for subclass, then you will get the "String Implementation", when you access through the subclass reference type.
Access privilege protected only means we can access the variable in a subclass but not that it can be override.
Even if you are using normal class instead of interface this won't work. When you refer using super class type, you only get the instance variables from super type and so on....
This example illustrates the first case:
Example:
public class Tester
{
public static void main(String arg[]) throws Throwable
{
Tester t = new Tester();
System.out.println(t.meth().s); // it prints "Old value" because your type is TestInter
}
private TestInter meth()
{
return new TestInter()
{
protected String s = "String Implementation";
};
}
}
class TestInter
{
protected String s = "Old value";
}
This example illustrates the second case:
It prints "String Implementation"
public class Tester
{
public static void main(String arg[]) throws Throwable
{
Tester t = new Tester();
System.out.println(t.meth().s);
}
private SubTestInter meth()
{
return new SubTestInter();
}
}
class SubTestInter extends TestInter{
protected String s = "String Implementation";
}
class TestInter
{
protected String s = "Old value";
}
When i access a interface variable directly
You have the reference of Interface type, that's why it refers to interface directly and you get "Old value"
Accessing getVal() method, showing proper values
When you invoke method getVal() you refer to actual implementation of this method and that's why getVal of actual implementation is called. This means current instance with the following value:
public String s = "String Implementation";
Fields declared in an interface are constants.
Thus, when writing
interface TestInter
{
String s = "Old value";
String getVal();
}
You are declaring a constant s.
That's why t.meth().s is printing Old value
t.meth().getVal() is printing the content of the field s of your anonymous class.
Running this piece of code will print null
public class Weird {
static class Collaborator {
private final String someText;
public Collaborator(String text) {
this.someText = text;
}
public String asText() {
return this.someText;
}
}
static class SuperClass {
Collaborator collaborator;
public SuperClass() {
initializeCollaborator();
}
protected void initializeCollaborator() {
this.collaborator = new Collaborator("whatever");
}
public String asText() {
return this.collaborator.asText();
}
}
static class SubClass extends SuperClass {
String someText = "something";
#Override
protected void initializeCollaborator() {
this.collaborator = new Collaborator(this.someText);
}
}
public static void main(String[] arguments) {
System.out.println(new Weird.SubClass().asText());
}
}
(Here is also the GitHub Gist)
Now, I know why this happens (it's because the field of the superclass is initialized and then the constructor of the superclass is called, before the field of the subclass is initialized)
The questions are:
What is the design issue here? What is wrong with this design, from an OOP point of view, so that the result looks weird to a programmer? What OOP principles are being broken through this design?
How to refactor so it does not work 'weird' and is proper OOP code?
What's wrong with the design: you're calling an instance method from a constructor, and then overriding it in a subclass. Don't do that. Ideally, only call private or final instance methods, or static methods, from constructor bodies. You're also exposing a field (which is an implementation detail) outside SuperClass, which isn't a great idea - but writing a protected setCollaborator method and calling that from initializeCollaborator would give the same problem.
As to how to fix it - it's not really clear what you're trying to achieve. Why do you need the initializeCollaborator method at all? There can be various ways of approaching this problem, but they really depend on knowing eaxctly what you're trying to achieve. (Heck, in some cases the best solution is not to use inheritance in the first place. Prefer composition over inheritance, and all that :)
My issue with the design is the someText string should either be an explicit dependency (or "collaborator") of the Collaborator object, or of SubClass, or explicitly a part of the global context (so a constant or a property of a shared context object).
Ideally, either Collaborator should be responsible for retrieving its dependencies; or, if SubClass is responsible for this, it should have someText as a dependency (even if it's always initialised to the same value), and only initialise Collaborator when someText is set.
Conceptually speaking, the dependency relation between objects in the design imposes a partial ordering of the initialisation. The mechanism to implement this ordering should always be explicit in your design, instead of relying on implementation details of the Java language.
An (overengineered) example:
interface ICollaboratorTextLocator {
String getCollaboratorText();
}
class ConstantCollaboratorTextLocator implements ICollaboratorTextLocator {
String text;
ConstantCollaboratorTextLocator(String text) {
this.text = text;
}
}
class SuperClass {
Collaborator collaborator;
public setCollaboratorTextLocator(ICollaboratorTextLocator locator) {
collaborator = new Collaborator(locator.getCollaboratorText());
}
SuperClass() {
setCollaboratorTextLocator(new ConstantCollaboratorTextLocator("whatever"));
}
}
class SubClass {
String text = "something";
SubClass() {
setCollaboratorTextLocator(new ConstantCollaboratorTextLocator(text));
}
}
(Now excuse me, I need to go stand under a waterfall after writing something called ConstantCollaboratorTextLocator.)
Instead of using the intializeCollaborator method, make the Collaborator a parameter on the constructor and call it using super(new Collaborator(..)) from the child.
I would like to be able to write a Java class in one package which can access non-public methods of a class in another package without having to make it a subclass of the other class. Is this possible?
Here is a small trick that I use in JAVA to replicate C++ friend mechanism.
Lets say I have a class Romeo and another class Juliet. They are in different packages (family) for hatred reasons.
Romeo wants to cuddle Juliet and Juliet wants to only let Romeo cuddle her.
In C++, Juliet would declare Romeo as a (lover) friend but there are no such things in java.
Here are the classes and the trick :
Ladies first :
package capulet;
import montague.Romeo;
public class Juliet {
public static void cuddle(Romeo.Love love) {
Objects.requireNonNull(love);
System.out.println("O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?");
}
}
So the method Juliet.cuddle is public but you need a Romeo.Love to call it. It uses this Romeo.Love as a "signature security" to ensure that only Romeo can call this method and checks that the love is real so that the runtime will throw a NullPointerException if it is null.
Now boys :
package montague;
import capulet.Juliet;
public class Romeo {
public static final class Love { private Love() {} }
private static final Love love = new Love();
public static void cuddleJuliet() {
Juliet.cuddle(love);
}
}
The class Romeo.Love is public, but its constructor is private. Therefore anyone can see it, but only Romeo can construct it. I use a static reference so the Romeo.Love that is never used is only constructed once and does not impact optimization.
Therefore, Romeo can cuddle Juliet and only he can because only he can construct and access a Romeo.Love instance, which is required by Juliet to cuddle her (or else she'll slap you with a NullPointerException).
The designers of Java explicitly rejected the idea of friend as it works in C++. You put your "friends" in the same package. Private, protected, and packaged security is enforced as part of the language design.
James Gosling wanted Java to be C++ without the mistakes. I believe he felt that friend was a mistake because it violates OOP principles. Packages provide a reasonable way to organize components without being too purist about OOP.
NR pointed out that you could cheat using reflection, but even that only works if you aren't using the SecurityManager. If you turn on Java standard security, you won't be able to cheat with reflection unless you write security policy to specifically allow it.
The 'friend' concept is useful in Java, for example, to separate an API from its implementation. It is common for implementation classes to need access to API class internals but these should not be exposed to API clients. This can be achieved using the 'Friend Accessor' pattern as detailed below:
The class exposed through the API:
package api;
public final class Exposed {
static {
// Declare classes in the implementation package as 'friends'
Accessor.setInstance(new AccessorImpl());
}
// Only accessible by 'friend' classes.
Exposed() {
}
// Only accessible by 'friend' classes.
void sayHello() {
System.out.println("Hello");
}
static final class AccessorImpl extends Accessor {
protected Exposed createExposed() {
return new Exposed();
}
protected void sayHello(Exposed exposed) {
exposed.sayHello();
}
}
}
The class providing the 'friend' functionality:
package impl;
public abstract class Accessor {
private static Accessor instance;
static Accessor getInstance() {
Accessor a = instance;
if (a != null) {
return a;
}
return createInstance();
}
private static Accessor createInstance() {
try {
Class.forName(Exposed.class.getName(), true,
Exposed.class.getClassLoader());
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
throw new IllegalStateException(e);
}
return instance;
}
public static void setInstance(Accessor accessor) {
if (instance != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException(
"Accessor instance already set");
}
instance = accessor;
}
protected abstract Exposed createExposed();
protected abstract void sayHello(Exposed exposed);
}
Example access from a class in the 'friend' implementation package:
package impl;
public final class FriendlyAccessExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Accessor accessor = Accessor.getInstance();
Exposed exposed = accessor.createExposed();
accessor.sayHello(exposed);
}
}
There are two solutions to your question that don't involve keeping all classes in the same package.
The first is to use the Friend Accessor/Friend Package pattern described in (Practical API Design, Tulach 2008).
The second is to use OSGi. There is an article here explaining how OSGi accomplishes this.
Related Questions: 1, 2, and 3.
As far as I know, it is not possible.
Maybe, You could give us some more details about Your design. Questions like these are likely the result of design flaws.
Just consider
Why are those classes in different packages, if they are so closely related?
Has A to access private members of B or should the operation be moved to class B and triggered by A?
Is this really calling or is event-handling better?
eirikma's answer is easy and excellent. I might add one more thing: instead of having a publicly accessible method, getFriend() to get a friend which cannot be used, you could go one step further and disallow getting the friend without a token: getFriend(Service.FriendToken). This FriendToken would be an inner public class with a private constructor, so that only Service could instantiate one.
Here's a clear use-case example with a reusable Friend class. The benefit of this mechanism is simplicity of use. Maybe good for giving unit test classes more access than the rest of the application.
To begin, here is an example of how to use the Friend class.
public class Owner {
private final String member = "value";
public String getMember(final Friend friend) {
// Make sure only a friend is accepted.
friend.is(Other.class);
return member;
}
}
Then in another package you can do this:
public class Other {
private final Friend friend = new Friend(this);
public void test() {
String s = new Owner().getMember(friend);
System.out.println(s);
}
}
The Friend class is as follows.
public final class Friend {
private final Class as;
public Friend(final Object is) {
as = is.getClass();
}
public void is(final Class c) {
if (c == as)
return;
throw new ClassCastException(String.format("%s is not an expected friend.", as.getName()));
}
public void is(final Class... classes) {
for (final Class c : classes)
if (c == as)
return;
is((Class)null);
}
}
However, the problem is that it can be abused like so:
public class Abuser {
public void doBadThings() {
Friend badFriend = new Friend(new Other());
String s = new Owner().getMember(badFriend);
System.out.println(s);
}
}
Now, it may be true that the Other class doesn't have any public constructors, therefore making the above Abuser code impossible. However, if your class does have a public constructor then it is probably advisable to duplicate the Friend class as an inner class. Take this Other2 class as an example:
public class Other2 {
private final Friend friend = new Friend();
public final class Friend {
private Friend() {}
public void check() {}
}
public void test() {
String s = new Owner2().getMember(friend);
System.out.println(s);
}
}
And then the Owner2 class would be like this:
public class Owner2 {
private final String member = "value";
public String getMember(final Other2.Friend friend) {
friend.check();
return member;
}
}
Notice that the Other2.Friend class has a private constructor, thus making this a much more secure way of doing it.
The provided solution was perhaps not the simplest. Another approach is based on the same idea as in C++: private members are not accessible outside the package/private scope, except for a specific class that the owner makes a friend of itself.
The class that needs friend access to a member should create a inner public abstract "friend class" that the class owning the hidden properties can export access to, by returning a subclass that implement the access-implementing methods. The "API" method of the friend class can be private so it is not accessible outside the class that needs friend access. Its only statement is a call to an abstract protected member that the exporting class implements.
Here's the code:
First the test that verifies that this actually works:
package application;
import application.entity.Entity;
import application.service.Service;
import junit.framework.TestCase;
public class EntityFriendTest extends TestCase {
public void testFriendsAreOkay() {
Entity entity = new Entity();
Service service = new Service();
assertNull("entity should not be processed yet", entity.getPublicData());
service.processEntity(entity);
assertNotNull("entity should be processed now", entity.getPublicData());
}
}
Then the Service that needs friend access to a package private member of Entity:
package application.service;
import application.entity.Entity;
public class Service {
public void processEntity(Entity entity) {
String value = entity.getFriend().getEntityPackagePrivateData();
entity.setPublicData(value);
}
/**
* Class that Entity explicitly can expose private aspects to subclasses of.
* Public, so the class itself is visible in Entity's package.
*/
public static abstract class EntityFriend {
/**
* Access method: private not visible (a.k.a 'friendly') outside enclosing class.
*/
private String getEntityPackagePrivateData() {
return getEntityPackagePrivateDataImpl();
}
/** contribute access to private member by implementing this */
protected abstract String getEntityPackagePrivateDataImpl();
}
}
Finally: the Entity class that provides friendly access to a package private member only to the class application.service.Service.
package application.entity;
import application.service.Service;
public class Entity {
private String publicData;
private String packagePrivateData = "secret";
public String getPublicData() {
return publicData;
}
public void setPublicData(String publicData) {
this.publicData = publicData;
}
String getPackagePrivateData() {
return packagePrivateData;
}
/** provide access to proteced method for Service'e helper class */
public Service.EntityFriend getFriend() {
return new Service.EntityFriend() {
protected String getEntityPackagePrivateDataImpl() {
return getPackagePrivateData();
}
};
}
}
Okay, I must admit it is a bit longer than "friend service::Service;" but it might be possible to shorten it while retaining compile-time checking by using annotations.
In Java it is possible to have a "package-related friendness".
This can be userful for unit testing.
If you do not specify private/public/protected in front of a method, it will be "friend in the package".
A class in the same package will be able to access it, but it will be private outside the class.
This rule is not always known, and it is a good approximation of a C++ "friend" keyword.
I find it a good replacement.
I think that friend classes in C++ are like inner-class concept in Java. Using inner-classes
you can actually define an enclosing class and an enclosed one. Enclosed class has full access to the public and private members of it's enclosing class.
see the following link:
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/nested.html
Not using a keyword or so.
You could "cheat" using reflection etc., but I wouldn't recommend "cheating".
I think, the approach of using the friend accessor pattern is way too complicated. I had to face the same problem and I solved using the good, old copy constructor, known from C++, in Java:
public class ProtectedContainer {
protected String iwantAccess;
protected ProtectedContainer() {
super();
iwantAccess = "Default string";
}
protected ProtectedContainer(ProtectedContainer other) {
super();
this.iwantAccess = other.iwantAccess;
}
public int calcSquare(int x) {
iwantAccess = "calculated square";
return x * x;
}
}
In your application you could write the following code:
public class MyApp {
private static class ProtectedAccessor extends ProtectedContainer {
protected ProtectedAccessor() {
super();
}
protected PrivateAccessor(ProtectedContainer prot) {
super(prot);
}
public String exposeProtected() {
return iwantAccess;
}
}
}
The advantage of this method is that only your application has access to the protected data. It's not exactly a substitution of the friend keyword. But I think it's quite suitable when you write custom libraries and you need to access protected data.
Whenever you have to deal with instances of ProtectedContainer you can wrap your ProtectedAccessor around it and you gain access.
It also works with protected methods. You define them protected in your API. Later in your application you write a private wrapper class and expose the protected method as public. That's it.
If you want to access protected methods you could create a subclass of the class you want to use that exposes the methods you want to use as public (or internal to the namespace to be safer), and have an instance of that class in your class (use it as a proxy).
As far as private methods are concerned (I think) you are out of luck.
I agree that in most cases the friend keyword is unnecessary.
Package-private (aka. default) is sufficient in most cases where you have a group of heavily intertwined classes
For debug classes that want access to internals, I usually make the method private and access it via reflection. Speed usually isn't important here
Sometimes, you implement a method that is a "hack" or otherwise which is subject to change. I make it public, but use #Deprecated to indicate that you shouldn't rely on this method existing.
And finally, if it really is necessary, there is the friend accessor pattern mentioned in the other answers.
A method I've found for solving this problem is to create an accessor object, like so:
class Foo {
private String locked;
/* Anyone can get locked. */
public String getLocked() { return locked; }
/* This is the accessor. Anyone with a reference to this has special access. */
public class FooAccessor {
private FooAccessor (){};
public void setLocked(String locked) { Foo.this.locked = locked; }
}
private FooAccessor accessor;
/** You get an accessor by calling this method. This method can only
* be called once, so calling is like claiming ownership of the accessor. */
public FooAccessor getAccessor() {
if (accessor != null)
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot return accessor more than once!");
return accessor = new FooAccessor();
}
}
The first code to call getAccessor() "claims ownership" of the accessor. Usually, this is code that creates the object.
Foo bar = new Foo(); //This object is safe to share.
FooAccessor barAccessor = bar.getAccessor(); //This one is not.
This also has an advantage over C++'s friend mechanism, because it allows you to limit access on a per-instance level, as opposed to a per-class level. By controlling the accessor reference, you control access to the object. You can also create multiple accessors, and give different access to each, which allows fine-grained control over what code can access what:
class Foo {
private String secret;
private String locked;
/* Anyone can get locked. */
public String getLocked() { return locked; }
/* Normal accessor. Can write to locked, but not read secret. */
public class FooAccessor {
private FooAccessor (){};
public void setLocked(String locked) { Foo.this.locked = locked; }
}
private FooAccessor accessor;
public FooAccessor getAccessor() {
if (accessor != null)
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot return accessor more than once!");
return accessor = new FooAccessor();
}
/* Super accessor. Allows access to secret. */
public class FooSuperAccessor {
private FooSuperAccessor (){};
public String getSecret() { return Foo.this.secret; }
}
private FooSuperAccessor superAccessor;
public FooSuperAccessor getAccessor() {
if (superAccessor != null)
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot return accessor more than once!");
return superAccessor = new FooSuperAccessor();
}
}
Finally, if you'd like things to be a bit more organized, you can create a reference object, which holds everything together. This allows you to claim all accessors with one method call, as well as keep them together with their linked instance. Once you have the reference, you can pass the accessors out to the code that needs it:
class Foo {
private String secret;
private String locked;
public String getLocked() { return locked; }
public class FooAccessor {
private FooAccessor (){};
public void setLocked(String locked) { Foo.this.locked = locked; }
}
public class FooSuperAccessor {
private FooSuperAccessor (){};
public String getSecret() { return Foo.this.secret; }
}
public class FooReference {
public final Foo foo;
public final FooAccessor accessor;
public final FooSuperAccessor superAccessor;
private FooReference() {
this.foo = Foo.this;
this.accessor = new FooAccessor();
this.superAccessor = new FooSuperAccessor();
}
}
private FooReference reference;
/* Beware, anyone with this object has *all* the accessors! */
public FooReference getReference() {
if (reference != null)
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot return reference more than once!");
return reference = new FooReference();
}
}
After much head-banging (not the good kind), this was my final solution, and I very much like it. It is flexible, simple to use, and allows very good control over class access. (The with reference only access is very useful.) If you use protected instead of private for the accessors/references, sub-classes of Foo can even return extended references from getReference. It also doesn't require any reflection, so it can be used in any environment.
I prefer delegation or composition or factory class (depending upon the issue that results in this problem) to avoid making it a public class.
If it is a "interface/implementation classes in different packages" problem, then I would use a public factory class that would in the same package as the impl package and prevent the exposure of the impl class.
If it is a "I hate to make this class/method public just to provide this functionality for some other class in a different package" problem, then I would use a public delegate class in the same package and expose only that part of the functionality needed by the "outsider" class.
Some of these decisions are driven by the target server classloading architecture (OSGi bundle, WAR/EAR, etc.), deployment and package naming conventions. For example, the above proposed solution, 'Friend Accessor' pattern is clever for normal java applications. I wonder if it gets tricky to implement it in OSGi due to the difference in classloading style.
I once saw a reflection based solution that did "friend checking" at runtime using reflection and checking the call stack to see if the class calling the method was permitted to do so. Being a runtime check, it has the obvious drawback.
As of Java 9, modules can be used to make this a non-issue in many cases.