What are the practical scenario for choosing among the linkedhashmap and hashmap? I have gone through working of each and come to the conclusion that linkedhashmap maintains the order of insertion i.e elements will be retrieved in the same order as that of insertion order while hashmap won't maintain order.
So can someone tell in what practical scenarios selection of one of the collection framework and why?
LinkedHashMap will iterate in the order in which the entries were put into the map.
null Values are allowed in LinkedHashMap.
The implementation is not synchronized and uses double linked buckets.
LinkedHashMap is very similar to HashMap, but it adds awareness to the order at which items are added or accessed, so the iteration order is the same as insertion order depending on construction parameters.
LinkedHashMap also provides a great starting point for creating a Cache object by overriding the removeEldestEntry() method. This lets you create a Cache object that can expire data using some criteria that you define.
Based on linked list and hashing data structures with linked list (think of indexed-SkipList) capability to store data in the way it gets inserted in the tree. Best suited to implement LRU ( least recently used ).
LinkedHashMap extends HashMap.
It maintains a linked list of the entries in the map, in the order in which they were inserted. This allows insertion-order iteration over the map. That is,when iterating through a collection-view of a LinkedHashMap, the elements will be returned in the order in which they were inserted. Also if one inserts the key again into the LinkedHashMap, the original order is retained. This allows insertion-order iteration over the map. That is, when iterating a LinkedHashMap, the elements will be returned in the order in which they were inserted. You can also create a LinkedHashMap that returns its elements in the order in which they were last accessed.
LinkedHashMap constructors
LinkedHashMap( )
This constructor constructs an empty insertion-ordered LinkedHashMap instance with the default initial capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
LinkedHashMap(int capacity)
This constructor constructs an empty LinkedHashMap with the specified initial capacity.
LinkedHashMap(int capacity, float fillRatio)
This constructor constructs an empty LinkedHashMap with the specified initial capacity and load factor.
LinkedHashMap(Map m)
This constructor constructs a insertion-ordered Linked HashMap with the same mappings as the specified Map.
LinkedHashMap(int capacity, float fillRatio, boolean Order)
This constructor construct an empty LinkedHashMap instance with the specified initial capacity, load factor and ordering mode.
Important methods supported by LinkedHashMap
Class clear( )
Removes all mappings from the map.
containsValue(object value )>
Returns true if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value.
get(Object key)
Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or null if this map contains no mapping for the key.
removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry eldest)
Below is an example of how you can use LinkedHashMap:
Map<Integer, String> myLinkedHashMapObject = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>();
myLinkedHashMapObject.put(3, "car");
myLinkedHashMapObject.put(5, "bus");
myLinkedHashMapObject.put(7, "nano");
myLinkedHashMapObject.put(9, "innova");
System.out.println("Modification Before" + myLinkedHashMapObject);
System.out.println("Vehicle exists: " +myLinkedHashMapObject.containsKey(3));
System.out.println("vehicle innova Exists: "+myLinkedHashMapObject.containsValue("innova"));
System.out.println("Total number of vehicles: "+ myLinkedHashMapObject.size());
System.out.println("Removing vehicle 9: " + myLinkedHashMapObject.remove(9));
System.out.println("Removing vehicle 25 (does not exist): " + myLinkedHashMapObject.remove(25));
System.out.println("LinkedHashMap After modification" + myLinkedHashMapObject);
Shopping Cart is a real life example, where we see cart number against Item we have chosen in order we selected the item. So map could be LinkedHashMap<Cart Number Vs Item Chosen>
HashMap makes absolutely no guarantees about the iteration order. It can (and will) even change completely when new elements are added.
LinkedHashMap will iterate in the order in which the entries were put into the map
LinkedHashMap also requires more memory than HashMap because of this ordering feature. As I said before LinkedHashMap uses doubly LinkedList to keep order of elements.
In most cases when using a Map you don't care whether the order of insertion is maintained. Use a HashMap if you don't care, and a LinkedHashMap is you care.
However, if you look when and where maps are used, in many cases it contains only a few entries, not enough for the performance difference of the different implementations to make a difference.
LinkedHashMap maintain insertion order of keys, i.e the order in which keys are inserted into LinkedHashMap. On the other hand HashMap doesn't maintain any order or keys or values. In terms of Performance there is not much difference between HashMap and LinkedHashMap but yes LinkedHashMap has more memory foot print than HashMap to maintain doubly linked list which it uses to keep track of insertion order of keys.
A HashMap has a better performance than a LinkedHashMap because a LinkedHashMap needs the expense of maintaining the linked list. The LinkedHashMap implements a normal hashtable, but with the added benefit of the keys of the hashtable being stored as a doubly-linked list.
Both of their methods are not synchronized.
Let's take a look their API documentation:
The HashMap is a hash table with buckets in each hash slot.
API documentation:
This implementation provides constant-time performance for the basic
operations (get and put), assuming the hash function disperses the
elements properly among the buckets. Iteration over collection views
requires time proportional to the "capacity" of the HashMap instance
(the number of buckets) plus its size (the number of key-value
mappings). Thus, it's very important not to set the initial capacity
too high (or the load factor too low) if iteration performance is
important.
LinkedHashMap is a linked list implementing the map interface. As
said in the API documentation:
Hash table and linked list implementation of the Map interface, with
predictable iteration order. This implementation differs from HashMap
in that it maintains a doubly-linked list running through all of its
entries. This linked list defines the iteration ordering, which is
normally the order in which keys were inserted into the map
(insertion-order).
One way that I have used these at work are for cached backend REST queries. These also have the added benefit of returning the data in the some order for the client. You can read more about it in the oracle docs:
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/LinkedHashMap.html
This technique is particularly useful if a module takes a map on input, copies it, and later returns results whose order is determined by that of the copy. (Clients generally appreciate having things returned in the same order they were presented.)
A special constructor is provided to create a linked hash map whose order of iteration is the order in which its entries were last accessed, from least-recently accessed to most-recently (access-order). This kind of map is well-suited to building LRU caches. Invoking the put, putIfAbsent, get, getOrDefault, compute, computeIfAbsent, computeIfPresent, or merge methods results in an access to the corresponding entry (assuming it exists after the invocation completes). The replace methods only result in an access of the entry if the value is replaced. The putAll method generates one entry access for each mapping in the specified map, in the order that key-value mappings are provided by the specified map's entry set iterator. No other methods generate entry accesses. In particular, operations on collection-views do not affect the order of iteration of the backing map.
Related
I want to know that HashMap is give same sequence of key when iterated each time after adding records.
I am using following code
HashMap<String,String> mapObj=new HashMap<String,String>();
mapObj.put("a", "aValue");
mapObj.put("b", "bValue");
mapObj.put("c", "cValue");
for(String key:mapObj.keySet()){
System.out.println(key+" :: "+mapObj.get(key));
}
for(String key:mapObj.keySet()){
System.out.println(key+" :: "+mapObj.get(key));
}
output of following program is
b :: bValue
c :: cValue
a :: aValue
b :: bValue
c :: cValue
a :: aValue
If you don't make any changes to the HashMap between the two iterations, you'll likely see the same iteration order (even though it's not guaranteed), since this is a deterministic data structure. However, adding or removing entries between the two iterations will probably change the iteration order.
If you want to rely on the iteration order, use LinkedHashMap, in which (by default) the keys are iterated in the order they were first added to the Map.
If you want to iterate over the keys in some specific order, you can use TreeMap instead (where the keys are ordered according to their natural ordering or the supplied Comparator).
Hash map accept the object to be stored as an argument and
generate a number that is unique to it.
HashMap uses hashing to store the entries in hashmap, so there is no gurantee those will appear in specific order. If you want your entries from your HashMap ordered, then you will have to sort it or you can use Treemap
HashMap doesn't maintain the order. If you want your elements to be retrieved in order then better to use LinkedHashMap.
Generally it would be little surprising if the iteration order changed for multiple subsequent invocations (assuming the map itself did not change in between). BUT you should not rely on it as API does not make any guarantee for that.
As per doc:
The Map interface provides three collection views, which allow a map's
contents to be viewed as a set of keys, collection of values, or set
of key-value mappings. The order of a map is defined as the order in
which the iterators on the map's collection views return their
elements. Some map implementations, like the TreeMap class, make
specific guarantees as to their order; others, like the HashMap
class, do not.
You can use LinkedHashMap as its entrySetmaintain insertion ordering, as per Java Doc:
This implementation differs from HashMap in that it maintains a
doubly-linked list running through all of its entries. This linked
list defines the iteration ordering, which is normally the order in
which keys were inserted into the map (insertion-order).
TreeMap maintain the natural ordering of keys.
A Red-Black tree based NavigableMap implementation. The map is sorted
according to the natural ordering of its keys, or by a Comparator
provided at map creation time, depending on which constructor is used.
Does hashMapObj.values() return the list in the same order when called nth time as it returned the 1st time?
I understand that the order of values will be different than the insertion order. But will the order differ even when multiple calls are made to values() with no alteration to the hashMap ?
This class makes no guarantees as to the order of the map; in
particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant
over time
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/HashMap.html#values()
You can't wait that values() will return the list in the same order, it could happen but is just not a good idea because it depends on the implementation
A HashMap makes no guarantee about the order its values are iterated when iterating a Collection through .values(). Only that they are in sync:
Returns a Collection view of the values contained in this map. The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the collection, and vice-versa. If the map is modified while an iteration over the collection is in progress (except through the iterator's own remove operation), the results of the iteration are undefined. The collection supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the Iterator.remove, Collection.remove, removeAll, retainAll and clear operations. It does not support the add or addAll operations.
docs
If your elements are comparable, and the speed penalty is acceptable. You can always sort the values into another collection and then obtain deterministic order.
The other answer talks about the order of the keys which is irrelevant here.
The answer depends on what happens in between of the two calls to values():
If no modifications are made to the HashMap<K,V>, the order would be the same, because the algorithm that is used to traverse the buckets of the hash map does not have a random component. The order is arbitrary with respect to the items inserted into the map, but it remains the same between iterations.
If you make modifications to the map, the order may change, even if the content of the map remains the same (e.g. because you remove and re-insert an item, or insert and then remove an item).
Deleting an re-inserting an item can change the order of items in the same hash bucket, so the order of iteration of values() will change accordingly.
Inserting an item may grow the number of cache buckets and re-hashing, which will not be undone when the same item is removed. That will change the order of values() as well.
No it is not guaranteed, you need a TreeMap :
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/TreeMap.html
In the piece of code similar to
//something before
Iteration<String> iterator = hashMap.keySet().iterator();// HashMap<String, Document>
while(iterator.hasNext()){
System.out.println(iterator.next());
}
//something after
I know that the order of print can be different by the order of insertion of entry key, value; all right.
But if I call this piece in another moment, with re-create the variable hashMap and putting them the equal elements, can the second-moment time print be different from the first-time print?
My question was born by a problem with a web-app: I have a list of String in a JSP, but, after some years, the customer call because the order of the String was different in the morning, but it shows the usual order at the afternoon.
The problem is happened in only one day: the web-app uses the explained piece of code for take a Map and populate an ArrayList.
This ArrayList does'nt any explicit changement of order (no Comparator or similar classes).
I think (hope) that the cause of different order of print derives by a different sequence of iteration in the same HashMap at run-time and I looking for a validation by other people.
In the web, I read that the iteration order by a HashMap changes if the HashMap receives a modification: but what happens if the HashMap remains the same?
Hash map document says HashMap makes no guarantees as to the order of the map; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time.
that explains though the hashmap is same it can not guaranatee on order. for Ordered map you can use TreeMap or LinkedHashMap
TreeMap API says The map is sorted according to the natural ordering of its keys, or by a Comparator provided at map creation time, depending on which constructor is used.
HashMap API documentation states that
This class makes no guarantees as to the order of the map; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time.
For a Map that keeps its keys in original insertion order, use LinkedHashMap.
For a Map that keeps its keys in sorted order (either natural order or by you passing a Comparator), use either TreeMap or ConcurrentSkipListMap. If multi-threaded, use the second.
For a Map where the key an enum, use EnumMap if you want the entries ordered by the definition order of the enum's objects.
The other six Map implementations bundled with Java 11 do not promise any order to their entries.
See this graphic table of mine as an overview.
Use a LinkedHashMap instead, to preserve insertion order. From the javadoc: "Hash table and linked list implementation of the Map interface, with predictable iteration order."
If you just want a Map with predictable ordering, then you can also use TreeMap. However, a LinkedHashMap is faster, as seen here: "TreeMap has O(log n) performance for containsKey, get, put, and remove, according to the Javadocs, while LinkedHashMap is O(1) for each."
As Octopus mentioned, HashMap "makes no guarantees as to the order of the map," and you shouldn't use it if order must remain consistent.
I need a key-value pair data structure which guarantees the retrieval of entries in the order in which they were added, much like ArrayList or Vector for just singular entries. Think of it as an ArrayList that enables key-value pairs. Keep in mind, the TreeMap will not do because the sorting does not go by the value of the key but by the time of insertion. Is there a Java Collection that meets these requirements? I browsed different Map implementations but couldn't find any that match.
I understand I can define my class that takes the key and the value and put it in an ArrayList but that is only option B to a class described above.
Are you looking for LinkedHashMap ?
Hash table and linked list implementation of the Map interface, with predictable iteration order.
You can also look into the Guava's ImmutableMap if it suits your purpose.
An immutable, hash-based Map with reliable user-specified iteration order. Does not permit null keys or values.
I need a key-value pair data structure which guarantees the retrieval of entries in the order in which they were added,
LinkedHashMap
Hash table and linked list implementation of the Map interface, with predictable iteration order.
Use java.util.LinkedHashMap Javadocs here
"This linked list defines the iteration ordering, which is normally the order in which keys were inserted into the map (insertion-order)"
Is LinkedHashMap LIFO or FIFO in nature?
If my map is of the form:
map.put(1,"one");
map.put(2,"two");
what would be the order if I was to iterate on the map using keyset??
EDIT: I think I did actually confuse two different concepts. Let me rephrase the question. What would be the order in which I encounter the quantities using entryset?Thanks for pointing that out btw. I do not intend to remove any entry.
In a linked hash map the elements in the backing doubly-linked list are added at the end (clearly: for preserving iteration order), but can be removed from any part in the list as the elements get removed from the map, it's incorrect to label the backing list (and by extension: the map) as LIFO or FIFO, it's neither - there's no concept of removal order in a map, and consequently no removal order can be assumed for the backing list in a linked hash map.
What a linked hash map does guarantee is that iterating over its contents (be it: the keys or the entries) will occur in the same order in which the elements were inserted in the map; from the documentation:
This implementation differs from HashMap in that it maintains a doubly-linked list running through all of its entries. This linked list defines the iteration ordering, which is normally the order in which keys were inserted into the map (insertion-order).
EDIT :
Regarding the last edit to the question, a LinkedHashMap guarantees that the iteration order of the keySet() will be the same order in which the elements were inserted: 1, 2 for the example in the question. This has nothing to do with FIFO/LIFO, those concepts deal with the order in which elements are removed from a data structure, and they're not related with the iteration order after inserting elements.
LinkedHashMap to quote from the javadocs is "Hash table and linked list implementation of the Map interface, with predictable iteration order" . So the keySet will return keys based on the order of insertion, esssentially a FIFO.
When access order is not utilized (standard case) you can consider LHM as a linked list w/ very fast access O(1) by key.
In that aspect it is FIFO when access order is unused (look at the c-tors). When access order is used the insertion order doesn't matter if there are any get() operations as they reorder the Entries. Look at protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry<K,V> eldest) eldest=FIFO.
Essentially the LHM is a good doubly linked list of Map.Entry<Key, Value> with a hash index over the keys.
I myself never use the vanilla HashMap as in its current impl. it has very little benefit over LHM - lower memory footprint but horrid iteration. Java8 (or 9) perhaps may finally fix HashMap, hopefully Doug Lea will push his impl.
According to Java docs, if you were to iterate over the map, the keyset would be in insertion-order. So the first key you get is the first key entered, over the existing keys. Note, reinserting a key-value pair does not change the original key position.