I'm new to Java and i wanted to know if there is a difference between these 2 functions:
public static String function1(int x) {
String res = "";
if(x > 10)
res = "a";
else
res = "b";
return res;
}
and:
public static String function2(int x) {
if(x > 10)
return "a";
return "b";
}
and I'm not speaking on the length of the code, only efficiency.
The second version is in theory more efficient, decompiling to:
public static java.lang.String function1(int);
Code:
0: ldc #2 // String
2: astore_1
3: iload_0
4: bipush 10
6: if_icmple 12
9: ldc #3 // String a
11: areturn
12: ldc #4 // String b
14: areturn
whereas the version with the assignment decompiles to:
public static java.lang.String function1(int);
Code:
0: ldc #2 // String
2: astore_1
3: iload_0
4: bipush 10
6: if_icmple 15
9: ldc #3 // String a
11: astore_1
12: goto 18
15: ldc #4 // String b
17: astore_1
18: aload_1
19: areturn
where it can be seen that the additional variable is created and returned.
However in practise the difference in actual runtime performance should be negligible. The JIT compiler would (hopefully) optimise away the useless variable, and in any case unless the code was in a hot code path according to your profiler then this would certainly count as premature optimisation.
Both versions end up creating a string either "a" or "b" and return it out.
But version 2 is better in term of efficiency, which doesn't create an redundant empty string "" in memory.
Related
This question already has an answer here:
How is concatenation of final strings done in Java?
(1 answer)
Closed 2 years ago.
I have the following code. I understand the concept of java string immutability and string constant pool. I don't understand why 'name1 == name2' results false and 'name2 == name3' results true in the following program. How are the string variables name1, name2, and name3 placed in the string constant pool?
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final String firstName = "John";
String lastName = "Smith";
String name1 = firstName + lastName;
String name2 = firstName + "Smith";
String name3 = "John" + "Smith";
System.out.println(name1 == name2);
System.out.println(name2 == name3);
}
}
Output:
false
true
The answer is fairly simple: As a shortcut, java treats certain concepts as a so-called 'compile time constant' (CTC). The idea is to entirely inline a variable, at the compilation level (which is extraordinary; normally javac basically just bashes your java source file into a class file using very simple and easily understood transformations, and the fancypants optimizations occur at runtime during hotspot).
For example, if you do this:
Save to UserOfBatch.java:
class BatchOConstants {
public static final int HELLO = 5;
}
public class UserOfBatch {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(BatchOConstants.HELLO);
}
}
Run on the command line:
> javac UserOfBatch.java
> java UserOfBatch
5
> javap -c UserOfBatch # javap prints bytecode
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
Code:
0: getstatic #7 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
3: iconst_5
4: invokevirtual #15 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
7: return
Check out line 3 up there. iconst_5. That 5? It was hardcoded!!
No reference to BatchOConstants remains. Let's test that:
on command line:
> rm BatchOConstants.class
> java UserOfBatch
5
Wow. The code ran even though it's missing the very class file that should be providing that 5, thus proving, it was 'hardcoded' by the compiler itself and not the runtime.
Another way to 'observe' CTC-ness of any value is annoparams. An annotation parameter must be hardcoded into the class file by javac, so you can't pass expressions. Given:
public #interface Foo {
long value();
I can't write: #Foo(System.currentTimeMillis()), because System.cTM obviously isn't a compile time constant. But I can write #Foo(SomeClass.SOME_STATIC_FINAL_LONG_FIELD) assuming that the value assigned to S_S_F_L_F is a compile time constant. If it's not, that #Foo(...) code would not compile. If it is, it will compile: CTC-ness now determines whether your code compiles or not.
There are specific rules about when the compiler is allowed to construe something as a 'compile time constant' and go on an inlining spree. For example, null is not an inline constant, ever. Oversimplifying, but:
For fields, the field must be static and final and have a primitive or String type, initialized on the spot (in the same breath, not later in a static block), with a constant expression, that isn't null.
For local variables, the rules are very similar, except, the need for them to be static is obviously waived as they cannot be. Other than that, all the fixins apply: final, primitive-or-String, non-null, initialized on the spot, and with a constant expression.
Unfortunately, CTC-ness of a local is harder to directly observe. The code you wrote is a fine way to indirectly observe it though. You've proven with your prints that firstName is CTC and lastName is not.
We can observe a select few things though. So let's take your code, compile it, and toss it at javap to witness the results. Via Jonas Konrad's online javap tool, let's analyse:
public Main() {
final String a = "hello";
String b = "world";
String c = a + "!";
String d = b + "!";
System.out.println(c == "hello!");
System.out.println(d == "world!");
}
The relevant parts:
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: ldc #7 // String hello
6: astore_1
start local 1 // java.lang.String a
7: ldc #9 // String world
9: astore_2
start local 2 // java.lang.String b
10: ldc #11 // String hello!
12: astore_3
start local 3 // java.lang.String c
13: aload_2
14: invokedynamic #13, 0 // InvokeDynamic #0:makeConcatWithConstants:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
19: astore 4
start local 4 // java.lang.String d
Note how 'start local 2' (which is c; javap starts counting at 0) shows just loading hello! as a complete constant, but 'start local 3' (which is d) shows loading 2 constants and invoking makeConcat to tie em together.
run javap -c Test after you compiled the code,
you will see that
Compiled from "Test.java"
public class Test {
public Test();
Code:
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
Code:
0: ldc #2 // String Smith
2: astore_2
3: aload_2
4: invokedynamic #3, 0 // InvokeDynamic #0:makeConcatWithConstants:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
9: astore_3
10: ldc #4 // String JohnSmith
12: astore 4
14: ldc #4 // String JohnSmith
16: astore 5
18: getstatic #5 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
21: aload_3
22: aload 4
24: if_acmpne 31
27: iconst_1
28: goto 32
31: iconst_0
32: invokevirtual #6 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
35: getstatic #5 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
38: aload 4
40: aload 5
42: if_acmpne 49
45: iconst_1
46: goto 50
49: iconst_0
50: invokevirtual #6 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
53: return
}
As you can see
4: invokedynamic #3, 0 // InvokeDynamic #0:makeConcatWithConstants:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
in public static void main(java.lang.String[]);, this is the actual compiled byte code when running firstname + lastname. So generated String will not have the same hashcode as "JohnSmith" in constant pool.
where as on
10: ldc #4 // String JohnSmith
and
14: ldc #4 // String JohnSmith
this is the byte code generated by the compiler when doing both
firstname + "Smith" and "John" + "Smith" which means both actually reading from the constant pool.
This is the reason why when you comparing name1 with name2 using == it will return false. since name2 and name3 reference the same string from the constant pool. Hench it return true when compare with ==.
This is the reason why it is not a good idea to compare 2 string with ==. Please use String.equals() when doing String comparison.
since both
Let's look at the bytecode with final:
public class Test {
public Test();
Code:
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
Code:
0: ldc #7 // String Smith
2: astore_1
3: aload_1
4: invokedynamic #9, 0 // InvokeDynamic #0:makeConcatWithConstants:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
9: astore_2
10: ldc #13 // String JohnSmith
12: astore_3
13: ldc #13 // String JohnSmith
15: astore 4
17: getstatic #15 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
20: aload_2
21: aload_3
22: if_acmpne 29
25: iconst_1
26: goto 30
29: iconst_0
30: invokevirtual #21 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
33: getstatic #15 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
36: aload_3
37: aload 4
39: if_acmpne 46
42: iconst_1
43: goto 47
46: iconst_0
47: invokevirtual #21 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
50: return
}
And the bytecode without final:
public class Test {
public Test();
Code:
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
Code:
0: ldc #7 // String John
2: astore_1
3: ldc #9 // String Smith
5: astore_2
6: aload_1
7: aload_2
8: invokedynamic #11, 0 // InvokeDynamic #0:makeConcatWithConstants:(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
13: astore_3
14: aload_1
15: invokedynamic #15, 0 // InvokeDynamic #1:makeConcatWithConstants:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
20: astore 4
22: ldc #18 // String JohnSmith
24: astore 5
26: getstatic #20 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
29: aload_3
30: aload 4
32: if_acmpne 39
35: iconst_1
36: goto 40
39: iconst_0
40: invokevirtual #26 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
43: getstatic #20 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
46: aload 4
48: aload 5
50: if_acmpne 57
53: iconst_1
54: goto 58
57: iconst_0
58: invokevirtual #26 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
61: return
}
As you can see, with final, Java recognizes both the left and right hand sides of + to be constant, so it replaces the concatenation with the constant string "JohnSmith" at compile time. The only call to makeConcatWithConstants (to concatenate strings) is made for firstName + lastName, since lastName isn't final.
In the second example, there are two calls to makeConcatWithConstants, one for firstName + lastName and another for firstName + "Smith", since Java doesn't recognize firstName as a constant.
That's why name1 == name2 is false in your example: name2 is a constant "JohnSmith" in the string pool, whereas name1 is dynamically computed at runtime. However, name2 and name3 are both constants in the string pool, which is why name2 == name3 is true.
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
sb.append("New "+"Delhi");
and other is:
sb.append("New ").append("Delhi");
both will print "New Delhi".
Which one is better and why?
Because some times to save time I use "+" instead of ".append".
sb.append("New "+"Delhi"):
public class Test {
public Test();
Code:
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
Code:
0: new #2 // class java/lang/StringBuffer
3: dup
4: invokespecial #3 // Method java/lang/StringBuffer."<init>":()V
7: astore_1
8: aload_1
9: ldc #4 // String New Delhi
11: invokevirtual #5 // Method java/lang/StringBuffer.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuffer;
14: pop
15: return
}
sb.append("New ").append("Delhi"):
Compiled from "Test.java"
public class Test {
public Test();
Code:
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
Code:
0: new #2 // class java/lang/StringBuffer
3: dup
4: invokespecial #3 // Method java/lang/StringBuffer."<init>":()V
7: astore_1
8: aload_1
9: ldc #4 // String New
11: invokevirtual #5 // Method java/lang/StringBuffer.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuffer;
14: ldc #6 // String Delhi
16: invokevirtual #5 // Method java/lang/StringBuffer.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuffer;
19: pop
20: return
}
As the above bytecode, for static string:
when using "+", the javac compiler will auto concat it a String.
when using "append", the javac compiler will auto expand as two String variables.
so for static string, the "+" is good for using.
"+" sign is used to add a string at the end of another string. Now, as per your question, whenever append() is used with String Buffer to append character sequence or string at that time append function internally performing to concatenate string using "+" sign.
any string append operation is converted into StringBuilder internally like
"The answer is: " + value
is converted into :
new StringBuilder("The answer is: ")).append(value).toString()
If any expression getting concatenated is not constant , .append is a better approach.
so in your case doesn't matter performance wise which way you write. Only '+' will improve readability of your code.
Constant string concatenations will be replaced at compile-time.
You should use a Stringbuilder/Stringbuffer if you concatenate variable strings e.g. variables, especially when you do the concatenations in a loop.
In Java 7 a string object can be in the expression of a switch statement. Can someone explain the below statement from official documentation?
The Java compiler generates generally more efficient bytecode from switch statements that use String objects than from chained if-then-else statements.
Java Code
Having two versions of a class, e.g.
With if-then-else:
public class IfThenElseClass {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "C";
if ("A".equals(str)) {
} else if ("B".equals(str)) {
} else if ("C".equals(str)) {
}
}
}
With switch:
public class SwitchClass {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "C";
switch (str) {
case "A":
break;
case "B":
break;
case "C":
break;
}
}
}
Bytecode
Let's take a look at the bytecode. Getting the bytecode for if-then-else version:
Compiled from "CompileSwitch.java"
public class CompileSwitch {
public CompileSwitch();
Code:
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #8 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
Code:
0: ldc #16 // String C
2: astore_1
3: ldc #18 // String A
5: aload_1
6: invokevirtual #20 // Method java/lang/String.equals:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
9: ifne 28
12: ldc #26 // String B
14: aload_1
15: invokevirtual #20 // Method java/lang/String.equals:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
18: ifne 28
21: ldc #16 // String C
23: aload_1
24: invokevirtual #20 // Method java/lang/String.equals:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
27: pop
28: return
}
Getting the bytecode for switch version:
Compiled from "CompileSwitch.java"
public class CompileSwitch {
public CompileSwitch();
Code:
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #8 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
Code:
0: ldc #16 // String C
2: astore_1
3: aload_1
4: dup
5: astore_2
6: invokevirtual #18 // Method java/lang/String.hashCode:()I
9: lookupswitch { // 3
65: 44
66: 56
67: 68
default: 77
}
44: aload_2
45: ldc #24 // String A
47: invokevirtual #26 // Method java/lang/String.equals:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
50: ifne 77
53: goto 77
56: aload_2
57: ldc #30 // String B
59: invokevirtual #26 // Method java/lang/String.equals:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
62: ifne 77
65: goto 77
68: aload_2
69: ldc #16 // String C
71: invokevirtual #26 // Method java/lang/String.equals:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
74: ifne 77
77: return
}
Conclusion
In the first version compares the string by calling the equals method for each condition, until it is found.
In the second version is obtained first hashCode of the string. Then this is compared with the values hashCode each case. See the lookupswitch. If any of these values is repeated just happens to run the code for the case. Otherwise, call the equals method of the cases tied. This is much faster than ever call the equals method only.
switch on strings can be faster for the same reason why a lookup in a hash set of strings may be faster than a lookup in a list of strings: you can do a lookup in O(1) rather than in O(N), where N is the number of strings.
Recall that switch is more efficient than a chain of if-then-else statements because it is a calculated jump: an offset in code is calculated based on the value, and then the jump to that offset is executed. Java can pull a similar trick on strings using the mechanism similar to that employed in hash maps and hash sets.
It's more efficient something like:
switch(yourString) {
case "text1":
// your code
break;
case "text2":
// etc.
}
than the correspondent:
if (yourString.equals("text1")) {
// your code
} else if (yourString.equals("text2")) {
// etc.
}
i guess what it means, or what i understand is that the bytecode (when you compile your java class) that created from an switch statement using string is faster and more efficient than the bytecode that is created from an if-else statement using string. both can do the same job, bit switch is apparently more efficient.
switch (str) {
case "A":
// do something
break;
case "B":
// do something
break;
default:
//do something
break;
}
is better than
if(str.equals("A")) {
//do something
} else if(str-equals("B")) {
//do something
} else {
//do something
}
I would like to know is there any difference in performance between these two codes.
String sample="hello";
if(sample!=null)
{
if(!sample.equals(""))
{
// some code in here
}
}
or
String sample="hello";
if(sample!=null && !sample.equals(""))
{
// some code in here
}
As far as i have understood, in the first code, if sample is not null then only it will go in to the block. same is the case with 2nd piece of code.
What i would like to know is what is the difference in performance or better coding standards and why?
If you're asking about performance you should always measure. But No, there shouldn't be a difference. Besides, if that is your only performance-problematic code then I envy you, seriously.
As for coding standards. Less nesting is almost always nicer to read and follow. Which means that putting both in a single if, especially since they are related is preferrable. The pattern
if (check_foo_for_null && compare_foo)
is very common and thus much less surprising than another nested if.
EDIT: To back it up:
I have the two little methods:
static boolean x(String a) {
if (a != null && a.equals("Foo"))
return true;
else return false;
}
static boolean y(String a) {
if (a != null) {
if (a.equals("Foo")) {
return true;
} else return false;
} else return false;
}
which produce the following code:
static boolean x(java.lang.String);
Code:
0: aload_0
1: ifnull 15
4: aload_0
5: ldc #16 // String Foo
7: invokevirtual #21 // Method java/lang/String.equals:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
10: ifeq 15
13: iconst_1
14: ireturn
15: iconst_0
16: ireturn
static boolean y(java.lang.String);
Code:
0: aload_0
1: ifnull 17
4: aload_0
5: ldc #16 // String Foo
7: invokevirtual #21 // Method java/lang/String.equals:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
10: ifeq 15
13: iconst_1
14: ireturn
15: iconst_0
16: ireturn
17: iconst_0
18: ireturn
So apart from an extraneous else jump target the code is identical. If you don't even have the else:
static boolean z(String a) {
if (a != null) {
if (a.equals("Foo"))
return true;
return false;
}
then the result is really the same:
static boolean z(java.lang.String);
Code:
0: aload_0
1: ifnull 15
4: aload_0
5: ldc #16 // String Foo
7: invokevirtual #21 // Method java/lang/String.equals:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
10: ifeq 15
13: iconst_1
14: ireturn
15: iconst_0
16: ireturn
As everyone else said, there shouldn't be any difference in preformance.
Small tip - equals almost always calls instanceof which returns false for null.
So writing:
if( !"".equals(foo)) {...}
does same check and is null-safe.
Bothe have no difference in terms of performance. Because in first case it checks one condition, if fails it does not enter inside. In 2nd case also, JVM checks the first condition, if it return false, then JVM will never go for 2nd check. As logical && operator will always false if first is false.
In terms of coding standard, I will choose 2nd option, as it has less number of coding lines.
Most likely the bytcode generated will be optimized to if(sample!=null && !sample.equals("")) since java performs an optimization in compile time.
If you are talking about the actual code you write it is better to have only one if. Since the structure of two if is more complex for the compiler (with no optimization). Although I have no empiric data to back this.
My code is
int array[] = {'a',98};
for(int num:array) {
System.out.println(num);
}
If I print this, I'll get o/p as 97 98.
If I print (char) num then o/p will be a b.
Is it possible to print the array as a 98? My guess is as array will store integer values of the array elements, it is not possible. But any solution here?
I don't think there is any way to do it with int[]. But you can create Object[] to achieve this.
Here is the code snippet:
public static void main (String[] args) throws Exception {
Object array[] = {'a',98};
for(Object o : array){
System.out.println(o);
}
}
Output:
a
98
You have int[] array, that's how the bytecode looks:
public class Test {
public Test();
Code:
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
Code:
0: iconst_2
1: newarray int
3: dup
4: iconst_0
5: bipush 97
7: iastore
8: dup
9: iconst_1
10: bipush 98
12: iastore
13: astore_1
14: return
}
As you can see, values are inserted as int.
Other users suggested using Object[] array. Look at the bytecode of it:
public class Test {
public Test();
Code:
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
Code:
0: iconst_2
1: anewarray #2 // class java/lang/Object
4: dup
5: iconst_0
6: bipush 97
8: invokestatic #3 // Method java/lang/Character.valueOf:(C)Ljava/lang/Character;
11: aastore
12: dup
13: iconst_1
14: bipush 98
16: invokestatic #4 // Method java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
19: aastore
20: astore_1
21: return
}
Note the
// Method java/lang/Character.valueOf:(C)Ljava/lang/Character;
line, which tells that the method Character.valueOf is invoked, so you'll get the actual character instead of its int value.
No, it is not possible for an int[] to know if its data was written as a character or as a number in the source code. You need a different data structure if you wish to keep that kind of information.
Object[] array = { 'a', 98 }
if (array[i] instanceof Character) { // Or Integer