I have a Java ArrayList with references to other objects stored within the List.
If I mark the List as null then when it is garbage collected, will all the stored items in it also get claimed by GC (assuming there are no other references to them)?
thanks,
Jakao
If you know it (can access it from code / have a reference to it anywhere) it´s there (and won´t ever be collected), if you don´t it might be gone. When is it gone? None of your concern, that´s the point of having a garbage collector.
Assuming there are no other references to them, they will be GC.
In java object reference is an abstract concept, you should not worry about how the JVM manages object storage, but if you interested in memory managment in java, I suggest you deepen the arguments of the weak and soft reference and memory pools.
Related
I have Order_Item class instance, and these are paths to GC Roots (excluding phantom/weak/soft references):
I have few questions:
1) I'm not sure if the Order_Item will be garbage collected.
I tried to run System.gc(), and the object remained in heap.
Is it allowed to be collected, according to provided image?
2) What "Native Stack" mean?
As far as I understood, it's accounted as GC root.
http://help.eclipse.org/mars/index.jsp?topic=%2Forg.eclipse.mat.ui.help%2Fconcepts%2Fgcroots.html
Why some object (i.e. Order 0x782032cf8) is kept in "Native Stack"?
3) If I have reference from GC Root to object A, that object will not be garbage collected? Right?
And if so, my Order_Item object can't be garbage collected?
4) If 3 is right, how may I find what keeps objects 0x7821da5e0 and 0x782032cf8, and how to dereference/remove them?
You cannot really force the garbage collector to delete a given object. You know that the object is kept alive as long as it is reachable by references from the given point in the program. But if the object gets "collectable", it might be collected soon, but if there is no pressure on memory, it may fool around for a long time.
Usually, there is not reason to really delete objects if there is enough memory. The only exception I know are passwords. Here, you use a char array and overwrite it with nonsense once you used it.
For the native stack: Your link indicates that the native stack keeps external resources, e.g. files.
I have some objects in my code which are not invoked in everyloop,But they are useful in future when some forced termination from loop,unpredictable error etc happens, So how to make sure that this objects are not ever collected by garbage collector.
For example : I have one class so I dont want GC to perform any Garbage collection on this class
If the objects are valuable and expensive to create, you should hang on to them in a field in your class. You could create a Map that would act sort of like a cache and grab them out of the Map when you're ready to use them again.
If they are useful in the future you have a reference to these objects somewhere. This is enough to ensure that they will never be garbage collected.
Keep a strong reference to the object, Doing this will always ensure that your object will not be GCed. I would also leave such things to the Garbage collector which I think is smarter than us(with all due respect) when it comes to memory management
You should have a look at the scope of your variables. as long as they are in scope they should not be garbage collected.
Garbage Collector Simply Avoids The Object Which Have Any Reference In The Code Further. So If You Want Any Object To Never Get Collected By G.C. Until The Execution Of Your Code. Just Have A Global Reference To That Object.
I recently found out about the WeakHashMap data structure in Java.
However, I don't understand what it means by it garbage-collects a mapping when it is no longer in ordinary use. How does the data structure know I will no longer use a key in my program? What if I don't refer to a key for a long time?
However, I don't understand what it means by it garbage-collects a mapping when it is no longer in ordinary use.
OK. Under normal circumstances, when the garbage collector runs it will remove objects that your program can no longer use. The technical term is an "unreachable object", and it means that the program execution has no way to get hold of a reference to the object any more. An object that is unreachable, may be collected in the next GC cycle ... or not. Either way, it is no longer the application's concern.
In this case, the WeakHashMap uses a special class called WeakReference to refer to the keys1. A weak reference is an object that acts sort of like an indirect pointer (a pointer to an object holding a pointer). It has the interesting property that the garbage collector is allowed to break the reference; i.e. replace the reference it contains with null. And the rule is that a weak reference to an object will be broken when the GC notices that the object is no longer reachable via a chain of normal (strong) or soft references2.
The phrase "no longer in ordinary use" really means that the key object is no longer strongly or softly reachable; i.e. via a chain of strong and / or soft references.
How does the data structure know I will no longer use a key in my program?
The WeakHashmap doesn't do it. Rather, it is the GC that notices that the key is not strongly reachable.
As part of its normal traversal, the GC will find and mark all strongly reachable objects. Then it goes through all of the WeakReference objects and checks to see if
the objects they refer to have been marked, and breaks them if they have not. (Or something like that ... I've never looked at the actual GC implementation. And it is complicated by the fact that it has to deal with SoftReference and PhantomReference objects as well.)
The only involvement that WeakHashmap has is that:
it created and uses WeakReference objects for the keys, and
it expunges hash table entries whose key WeakReferences have been cleared by the GC.
What if I don't refer to a key for a long time?
The criterion for deciding that a weak reference should be broken is not time based.
But it is possible that timing influences whether not a key is removed. For instance, a key could 1) cease to be strongly reference, 2) be retrieved from the map, and 3) be assigned to a reachable variable making it strongly referenced once again. If the GC doesn't run during the window in which the key is not strongly reachable, the key and its associated value will stay in the map. (Which is what you'd want to happen ...)
1 - Implementation detail: in recent Java releases, the weak references actually refer to the map's internal Entry objects rather than the keys. This allows broken references to be purged from the map more efficiently. Look at the code for details.
2 - Soft references are a kind of reference that the GC is allowed to break if there is a shortage of heap memory.
Java has a system of references where the language can tell your code whether or not some object is still in use. You can use references to detect when some object has been specifically identified as no longer in use or usable, and can then take action accordingly. This tutorial covers references in some depth, in case you're curious how to use them.
Internally, WeakHashMap likely uses these references to automatically detect when a given key cannot be used any more. The implementation can then remove those objects from the hash table so that they no longer take up any space.
Hope this helps!
The JVM garbage collects in this order:
Unreferenced objects
Objects whose only reference is a WeakReference
Objects whose only reference is a SoftReference
Normally, the garbage collector only garbage collects unreferenced objects.
A weak reference to an object does not count as a reference as far as the garbage collector is concerned. The garbage collector may, or may not collect them. Typically, it will not collect them unless memory is running low, but there are no guarantees.
If the JVM is about run out of memory, the garbage collector will collect softly referenced objects. All weak referenced objects will be garbage collected before any soft referenced objects are garbage collected.
From the javadoc of SoftReference:
All soft references to softly-reachable objects are guaranteed to have been cleared before the virtual machine throws an OutOfMemoryError
I read your question as asking about the specific wording "regular use" and so assume you already know about strong and weak references. Regular use refers to the case where a weak hashmap contains keys that are also referenced (strongly) by some other data structure(s). The existence of at least one strong reference to a key is "regular use." The key can't be garbage collected as long as this other data structure references it. When the other data structure is no longer reachable (pointers to it no longer exist), the key also becomes unreachable. It's no longer in regular use because the only reference to it is the weak one in the mapping. The garbage collector can eventually reclaim it, and the mapping disappears.
This comes up when you'd like to extend a type C by subclassing but can't: for example when C is an interface with many implementations. You can work around this problem by using a weak hashmap with key type C and new fields to be added wrapped in a new class E. Whenever you create a C instance, you also create an E instance and add the pair to the map, which is then used to access the new fields during the life of the C intance. When the C instance becomes garbage, the mapping and E instance do also. This is automatic because the hashmap is weak. If it weren't, it would have to be cleaned up manually in the same manner you have to explicitly free storage in languages with no garbage collector.
how does the garbage collector in java determine that objects are no longer referenced by the program?
It depends on the VM but there are a number of ways it could be done.
Check this out.
Easy way to explain how GC works...
How GC works ?
Reference :
Fig : General Collection of Object
Fig : Memory Collection of Objects
Here's a previous question on much the same subject: logic of Garbage collector in java
The link from there (which I now want to read for myself!) is: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/gc-tuning-5-138395.html
JVM maintains a map of all referenced objects.
Every GC cycle (there are a number of GC methods in java, train, mark and sweep etc.) the entire list of object references are traversed (NOTE object references live in stack, data lives in heap) and all the object references that are no longer referenced are marked as ready to be garbage collected/are garbage collected.
This is a simplified way of understanding GC, most developers don't need to know the internals of the GC process though; but it's good to have some understanding.
Here are some links that might interest you:
http://chaoticjava.com/posts/how-does-garbage-collection-work/
http://java.sun.com/docs/hotspot/gc1.4.2/
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/gc-tuning-5-138395.html
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tech/ts-3153-coomes-19899-dsf-150093.pdf#search=%22garbage%20collection%22
Hope this helps...
Hopefully a simple question. Take for instance a Circularly-linked list:
class ListContainer
{
private listContainer next;
<..>
public void setNext(listContainer next)
{
this.next = next;
}
}
class List
{
private listContainer entry;
<..>
}
Now since it's a circularly-linked list, when a single elemnt is added, it has a reference to itself in it's next variable. When deleting the only element in the list, entry is set to null. Is there a need to set ListContainer.next to null as well for Garbage Collector to free it's memory or does it handle such self-references automagically?
Garbage collectors which rely solely on reference counting are generally vulnerable to failing to collection self-referential structures such as this. These GCs rely on a count of the number of references to the object in order to calculate whether a given object is reachable.
Non-reference counting approaches apply a more comprehensive reachability test to determine whether an object is eligible to be collected. These systems define an object (or set of objects) which are always assumed to be reachable. Any object for which references are available from this object graph is considered ineligible for collection. Any object not directly accessible from this object is not. Thus, cycles do not end up affecting reachability, and can be collected.
See also, the Wikipedia page on tracing garbage collectors.
Circular references is a (solvable) problem if you rely on counting the references in order to decide whether an object is dead. No java implementation uses reference counting, AFAIK. Newer Sun JREs uses a mix of several types of GC, all mark-and-sweep or copying I think.
You can read more about garbage collection in general at Wikipedia, and some articles about java GC here and here, for example.
The actual answer to this is implementation dependent. The Sun JVM keeps track of some set of root objects (threads and the like), and when it needs to do a garbage collection, traces out which objects are reachable from those and saves them, discarding the rest. It's actually more complicated than that to allow for some optimizations, but that is the basic principle. This version does not care about circular references: as long as no live object holds a reference to a dead one, it can be GCed.
Other JVMs can use a method known as reference counting. When a reference is created to the object, some counter is incremented, and when the reference goes out of scope, the counter is decremented. If the counter reaches zero, the object is finalized and garbage collected. This version, however, does allow for the possibility of circular references that would never be garbage collected. As a safeguard, many such JVMs include a backup method to determine which objects actually are dead which it runs periodically to resolve self-references and defrag the heap.
As a non-answer aside (the existing answers more than suffice), you might want to check out a whitepaper on the JVM garbage collection system if you are at all interested in GC. (Any, just google JVM Garbage Collection)
I was amazed at some of the techniques used, and when reading through some of the concepts like "Eden" I really realized for the first time that Java and the JVM actually could beat C/C++ in speed. (Whenever C/C++ frees an object/block of memory, code is involved... When Java frees an object, it actually doesn't do anything at all; since in good OO code, most objects are created and freed almost immediately, this is amazingly efficient.)
Modern GC's tend to be very efficient, managing older objects much differently than new objects, being able to control GCs to be short and half-assed or long and thorough, and a lot of GC options can be managed by command line switches so it's actually useful to know what all the terms actually refer to.
Note: I just realized this was misleading. C++'s STACK allocation is very fast--my point was about allocating objects that are able to exist after the current routine has finished (which I believe SHOULD be all objects--it's something you shouldn't have to think about if you are going to think in OO, but in C++ speed may make this impractical).
If you are only allocating C++ classes on the stack, it's allocation will be at least as fast as Java's.
Java collects any objects that are not reachable. If nothing else has a reference to the entry, then it will be collected, even though it has a reference to itself.
yes Java Garbage collector handle self-reference!
How?
There are special objects called called garbage-collection roots (GC roots). These are always reachable and so is any object that has them at its own root.
A simple Java application has the following GC roots:
Local variables in the main method
The main thread
Static variables of the main class
To determine which objects are no longer in use, the JVM intermittently runs what is very aptly called a mark-and-sweep algorithm. It works as follows
The algorithm traverses all object references, starting with the GC
roots, and marks every object found as alive.
All of the heap memory that is not occupied by marked objects is
reclaimed. It is simply marked as free, essentially swept free of
unused objects.
So if any object is not reachable from the GC roots(even if it is self-referenced or cyclic-referenced) it will be subjected to garbage collection.
Simply, Yes. :)
Check out http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-jtp10283/
All JDKs (from Sun) have a concept of "reach-ability". If the GC cannot "reach" an object, it goes away.
This isn't any "new" info (your first to respondents are great) but the link is useful, and brevity is something sweet. :)